Ebook: Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders

Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders examines the role that oxidative and nitrosative stress plays in the complex physiology and pathophysiology of the retina and choroid. Both the basic science researcher and the clinical practitioner can use this book as a guide to the current understanding of retinal and choroidal cellular mechanisms involved in aging and disease. Beginning with a review of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathoetiology of AMD and a review of the complement system in the retina, the book then takes a detailed look at oxidative stress in lipid metabolism and oxidized lipoproteins in the retina. It examines the anti-apoptotic activity of α-crystallins in the presence of glutathione, oxidative stress in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, the role of iron in retinal disease, the mechanisms of pathological VEGF expression, NAPDH oxidase mechanisms, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor in oxidative stress in the retina.

A detailed look at the Ccl2^-/-/Cx3cr1^-/- mouse model of AMD follows. Then a detailed examination of the systemic changes in AMD is followed by a discussion of cerium oxide nanoparticle reduction of oxidative stress. Two chapters discuss progenitor cells in the cause and treatment of retinal diseases including AMD and diabetic retinopathy. Natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of retinal diseases are exhaustively presented, followed by a chapter on serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonists in oxidative stress of the retina. The current anti-VEGF treatment strategies of neovascular AMD are then given. The volume continues with a detailed look at nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in retinal vascular disease, an explanation of an in vivo technique of studying the effect of lipid hydroperoxides on circulating leucocytes in the retina, an excellent review of oxidative stress in retinopathy of prematurity, and a look at VEGF induced oxidative stress in the retinal ganglion cell. The book ends with a detail examination of the role of carotenoids in retinal health and disease. These 31 chapters summarize what is known about oxidative stress in retinal and choroidal disorders. All those involved with degenerative diseases of the eye will find Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders to be illuminating and comprehensive.

---

Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders examines the role that oxidative and nitrosative stress plays in the complex physiology and pathophysiology of the retina and choroid. Both the basic science researcher and the clinical practitioner can use this book as a guide to the current understanding of retinal and choroidal cellular mechanisms involved in aging and disease. Beginning with a review of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathoetiology of AMD and a review of the complement system in the retina, the book then takes a detailed look at oxidative stress in lipid metabolism and oxidized lipoproteins in the retina. It examines the anti-apoptotic activity of ?-crystallins in the presence of glutathione, oxidative stress in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, the role of iron in retinal disease, the mechanisms of pathological VEGF expression, NAPDH oxidase mechanisms, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor in oxidative stress in the retina.

A detailed look at the Ccl2^-/-/Cx3cr1^-/- mouse model of AMD follows. Then a detailed examination of the systemic changes in AMD is followed by a discussion of cerium oxide nanoparticle reduction of oxidative stress. Two chapters discuss progenitor cells in the cause and treatment of retinal diseases including AMD and diabetic retinopathy. Natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of retinal diseases are exhaustively presented, followed by a chapter on serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonists in oxidative stress of the retina. The current anti-VEGF treatment strategies of neovascular AMD are then given. The volume continues with a detailed look at nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in retinal vascular disease, an explanation of an in vivo technique of studying the effect of lipid hydroperoxides on circulating leucocytes in the retina, an excellent review of oxidative stress in retinopathy of prematurity, and a look at VEGF induced oxidative stress in the retinal ganglion cell. The book ends with a detail examination of the role of carotenoids in retinal health and disease. These 31 chapters summarize what is known about oxidative stress in retinal and choroidal disorders. All those involved with degenerative diseases of the eye will find Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders to be illuminating and comprehensive.

---

Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders examines the role that oxidative and nitrosative stress plays in the complex physiology and pathophysiology of the retina and choroid. Both the basic science researcher and the clinical practitioner can use this book as a guide to the current understanding of retinal and choroidal cellular mechanisms involved in aging and disease. Beginning with a review of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathoetiology of AMD and a review of the complement system in the retina, the book then takes a detailed look at oxidative stress in lipid metabolism and oxidized lipoproteins in the retina. It examines the anti-apoptotic activity of ?-crystallins in the presence of glutathione, oxidative stress in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, the role of iron in retinal disease, the mechanisms of pathological VEGF expression, NAPDH oxidase mechanisms, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor in oxidative stress in the retina.

A detailed look at the Ccl2^-/-/Cx3cr1^-/- mouse model of AMD follows. Then a detailed examination of the systemic changes in AMD is followed by a discussion of cerium oxide nanoparticle reduction of oxidative stress. Two chapters discuss progenitor cells in the cause and treatment of retinal diseases including AMD and diabetic retinopathy. Natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of retinal diseases are exhaustively presented, followed by a chapter on serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonists in oxidative stress of the retina. The current anti-VEGF treatment strategies of neovascular AMD are then given. The volume continues with a detailed look at nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in retinal vascular disease, an explanation of an in vivo technique of studying the effect of lipid hydroperoxides on circulating leucocytes in the retina, an excellent review of oxidative stress in retinopathy of prematurity, and a look at VEGF induced oxidative stress in the retinal ganglion cell. The book ends with a detail examination of the role of carotenoids in retinal health and disease. These 31 chapters summarize what is known about oxidative stress in retinal and choroidal disorders. All those involved with degenerative diseases of the eye will find Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders to be illuminating and comprehensive.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xvi
Review of Emerging Treatments for Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 1-46
Complement Pathways and Oxidative Stress in Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 47-63
Oxidative Modifications as Triggers of AMD Pathology....Pages 65-84
Role of Malondialdehyde in the Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 85-93
Bisretinoid Lipofuscin in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Oxidative Processes and Disease Implications....Pages 95-111
Age-Related Changes in RPE Lipofuscin Lead to Hydrophobic Polymers....Pages 113-139
Docosahexaenoic Acid Signalolipidomics in the Homeostatic Modulation of Photoreceptor/Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Integrity During Oxidative Stress....Pages 141-163
Role of Photoreceptor Retinol Dehydrogenases in Detoxification of Lipid Oxidation Products....Pages 165-180
Glutathione Metabolism and Its Contribution to Antiapoptotic Properties of ?-Crystallins in the Retina....Pages 181-201
The Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Retinal Dysfunction....Pages 203-239
Endoplasmic Reticulum Response to Oxidative Stress in RPE....Pages 241-258
The Role of Iron in Retinal Diseases....Pages 259-275
Mechanisms of Pathological VEGF Production in the Retina and Modification with VEGF-Antagonists....Pages 277-305
NADPH Oxidase in Choroidal Neovascularization....Pages 307-320
Deposition and Oxidation of Lipoproteins in Bruch’s Membrane and Choriocapillaris Are “Age-Related” Risk Factors with Implications in Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 321-335
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Protection of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells....Pages 337-354
The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Retinal Lesion of Ccl2/Cx3cr1 Deficiency Mouse on rd8 Background....Pages 355-365
Oxidative Stress and Systemic Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 367-397
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Reduction of Oxidative Damage in Retina....Pages 399-418
Transformation of Progenitor Cells for Treatment of Retinal Disease....Pages 419-435
Natural Compounds in Retinal Diseases....Pages 437-456
Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Agonists in Oxidative Stress and Retinal Disease....Pages 457-478
Anti-VEGF Monotherapy Treatment Strategies for Neovascular AMD....Pages 479-499
Combination Treatment Strategies in Neovascular AMD....Pages 501-515
Dysfunction of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy....Pages 517-528
Nitric Oxide Synthase in Retinal Vascular Diseases....Pages 529-544
Lipid Hydroperoxide Induced Leukocyte–Endothelium Interaction in the Retinal Microcirculation....Pages 545-557
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Signaling in Retinopathy of Prematurity....Pages 559-584
VEGF Inhibitor Induced Oxidative Stress in Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 585-593
The Role of the Macular Carotenoids as a Blue Light Filter and an Antioxidant....Pages 595-611
Macular Pigment Carotenoids and Their Roles in Human Eye Health and Diseases....Pages 613-627
Back Matter....Pages 629-641

---

Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders examines the role that oxidative and nitrosative stress plays in the complex physiology and pathophysiology of the retina and choroid. Both the basic science researcher and the clinical practitioner can use this book as a guide to the current understanding of retinal and choroidal cellular mechanisms involved in aging and disease. Beginning with a review of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathoetiology of AMD and a review of the complement system in the retina, the book then takes a detailed look at oxidative stress in lipid metabolism and oxidized lipoproteins in the retina. It examines the anti-apoptotic activity of ?-crystallins in the presence of glutathione, oxidative stress in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, the role of iron in retinal disease, the mechanisms of pathological VEGF expression, NAPDH oxidase mechanisms, and Hepatocyte Growth Factor in oxidative stress in the retina.

A detailed look at the Ccl2^-/-/Cx3cr1^-/- mouse model of AMD follows. Then a detailed examination of the systemic changes in AMD is followed by a discussion of cerium oxide nanoparticle reduction of oxidative stress. Two chapters discuss progenitor cells in the cause and treatment of retinal diseases including AMD and diabetic retinopathy. Natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of retinal diseases are exhaustively presented, followed by a chapter on serotonin 5-HT_1A receptor agonists in oxidative stress of the retina. The current anti-VEGF treatment strategies of neovascular AMD are then given. The volume continues with a detailed look at nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase in retinal vascular disease, an explanation of an in vivo technique of studying the effect of lipid hydroperoxides on circulating leucocytes in the retina, an excellent review of oxidative stress in retinopathy of prematurity, and a look at VEGF induced oxidative stress in the retinal ganglion cell. The book ends with a detail examination of the role of carotenoids in retinal health and disease. These 31 chapters summarize what is known about oxidative stress in retinal and choroidal disorders. All those involved with degenerative diseases of the eye will find Studies on Retinal and Choroidal Disorders to be illuminating and comprehensive.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xvi
Review of Emerging Treatments for Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 1-46
Complement Pathways and Oxidative Stress in Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 47-63
Oxidative Modifications as Triggers of AMD Pathology....Pages 65-84
Role of Malondialdehyde in the Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 85-93
Bisretinoid Lipofuscin in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Oxidative Processes and Disease Implications....Pages 95-111
Age-Related Changes in RPE Lipofuscin Lead to Hydrophobic Polymers....Pages 113-139
Docosahexaenoic Acid Signalolipidomics in the Homeostatic Modulation of Photoreceptor/Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Integrity During Oxidative Stress....Pages 141-163
Role of Photoreceptor Retinol Dehydrogenases in Detoxification of Lipid Oxidation Products....Pages 165-180
Glutathione Metabolism and Its Contribution to Antiapoptotic Properties of ?-Crystallins in the Retina....Pages 181-201
The Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Retinal Dysfunction....Pages 203-239
Endoplasmic Reticulum Response to Oxidative Stress in RPE....Pages 241-258
The Role of Iron in Retinal Diseases....Pages 259-275
Mechanisms of Pathological VEGF Production in the Retina and Modification with VEGF-Antagonists....Pages 277-305
NADPH Oxidase in Choroidal Neovascularization....Pages 307-320
Deposition and Oxidation of Lipoproteins in Bruch’s Membrane and Choriocapillaris Are “Age-Related” Risk Factors with Implications in Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 321-335
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Protection of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells....Pages 337-354
The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Retinal Lesion of Ccl2/Cx3cr1 Deficiency Mouse on rd8 Background....Pages 355-365
Oxidative Stress and Systemic Changes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration....Pages 367-397
Cerium Oxide Nanoparticle Reduction of Oxidative Damage in Retina....Pages 399-418
Transformation of Progenitor Cells for Treatment of Retinal Disease....Pages 419-435
Natural Compounds in Retinal Diseases....Pages 437-456
Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Agonists in Oxidative Stress and Retinal Disease....Pages 457-478
Anti-VEGF Monotherapy Treatment Strategies for Neovascular AMD....Pages 479-499
Combination Treatment Strategies in Neovascular AMD....Pages 501-515
Dysfunction of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy....Pages 517-528
Nitric Oxide Synthase in Retinal Vascular Diseases....Pages 529-544
Lipid Hydroperoxide Induced Leukocyte–Endothelium Interaction in the Retinal Microcirculation....Pages 545-557
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Signaling in Retinopathy of Prematurity....Pages 559-584
VEGF Inhibitor Induced Oxidative Stress in Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 585-593
The Role of the Macular Carotenoids as a Blue Light Filter and an Antioxidant....Pages 595-611
Macular Pigment Carotenoids and Their Roles in Human Eye Health and Diseases....Pages 613-627
Back Matter....Pages 629-641
....