Ebook: The Neural Basis of Early Vision

Researchers in recent decades have elucidated signal transduction in the retina and the function of the visual cortex. The highly flexible nature of neural circuits in the visual cortex especially during the critical period has been an interesting subject for studying neural plasticity and development. Recent advances in the visual neurosciences of the vertebrate retina and the visual cortex were discussed during the 12th Keio International Symposium for Life Science and Medicine, meeting jointly with Vision Forum 2002. Contributions to the symposium collected in this volume reflect the convergence of physiological, cell biological, molecular, mathematical, and clinical approaches. The book covers topics ranging from phototransduction to visual information processing in the primary visual cortex, and includes clinical studies on hereditary night blindness, creating a valuable source of information for researchers and clinicians in the visual neurosciences.

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Researchers in recent decades have elucidated signal transduction in the retina and the function of the visual cortex. The highly flexible nature of neural circuits in the visual cortex especially during the critical period has been an interesting subject for studying neural plasticity and development. Recent advances in the visual neurosciences of the vertebrate retina and the visual cortex were discussed during the 12th Keio International Symposium for Life Science and Medicine, meeting jointly with Vision Forum 2002. Contributions to the symposium collected in this volume reflect the convergence of physiological, cell biological, molecular, mathematical, and clinical approaches. The book covers topics ranging from phototransduction to visual information processing in the primary visual cortex, and includes clinical studies on hereditary night blindness, creating a valuable source of information for researchers and clinicians in the visual neurosciences.

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Researchers in recent decades have elucidated signal transduction in the retina and the function of the visual cortex. The highly flexible nature of neural circuits in the visual cortex especially during the critical period has been an interesting subject for studying neural plasticity and development. Recent advances in the visual neurosciences of the vertebrate retina and the visual cortex were discussed during the 12th Keio International Symposium for Life Science and Medicine, meeting jointly with Vision Forum 2002. Contributions to the symposium collected in this volume reflect the convergence of physiological, cell biological, molecular, mathematical, and clinical approaches. The book covers topics ranging from phototransduction to visual information processing in the primary visual cortex, and includes clinical studies on hereditary night blindness, creating a valuable source of information for researchers and clinicians in the visual neurosciences.

Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XVIII
Psychophysics to Biophysics: How a Perception Depends on Circuits, Synapses, and Vesicles....Pages 1-1
Phototransduction in Rods and Cones, and Beyond....Pages 2-3
Efficiency of Phototransduction Cascade in Cones....Pages 4-4
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Human Photoreceptors: Na+ and Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Channels....Pages 5-14
Neuroinformatics in Vision Science: NRV Project and VISIOME Platform....Pages 15-18
The Cone Pedicle, the First Synapse in the Retina....Pages 19-38
Transmission at the Mammalian Cone Photoreceptor Basal Synapse....Pages 39-39
Impaired Transmission from Photoreceptors to Bipolar Cells: Mouse Models....Pages 40-40
Selective Dysfunction of On- and/or Off-Bipolar Cell in Human Diseases....Pages 41-41
Neural Circuit Contributing to the Formation of the Receptive Surround....Pages 42-43
GABAergic Modulation of Ephaptic Feedback in the Outer Retina....Pages 44-45
SN1 Catalyzes Transport of Glutamine Across Muller Cells in Retina....Pages 46-47
Some Functions of Amacrine Cells....Pages 48-49
Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying Direction Selectivity in Rabbit Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 50-51
Processing and Integration Mechanisms of Visual Transmission in the Retinal Network....Pages 52-52
Narrow-Field Amacrine Cells Mediate OFF Signals Between B2 Bipolar and Ganglion Cells in the Mouse Retina....Pages 53-54
Functional Roles of Action Potentials and Na Currents in Amacrine Cells....Pages 55-58
Neural Mechanisms of Synchronous Oscillations in Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 59-60
Adaptation of the Retinal Code: What the Eye Does Not Tell the Brain....Pages 61-61
Coding Properties of the Avian ON-OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 62-63
Spatiotemporal Changes in Gap Junctional Communication During Retinal Development and Regeneration of Adult Newt....Pages 64-64
Development and Plasticity in the Postnatal Mouse Retina....Pages 65-65
Representation of Visual Information in Simple and Complex Cells in the Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 66-67
Diversity of Computation of Orientation and Direction Preference by Visual Cortical Neurons: An Intracellular Reexamination....Pages 68-69
Assembly of Receptive Fields in Cat Visual Cortex....Pages 70-70
Local Circuit in the Cerebral Cortex....Pages 71-72
Properties and Possible Mechanisms of Response Modulation by the Receptive Field Surround in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 73-73
Representation of Surface Luminance and Brightness in Macaque Visual Cortex....Pages 74-74
Inhibitory Circuits that Control Critical Period Plasticity in Developing Visual Cortex....Pages 75-76
Substrates of Rapid Plasticity in Developing Visual Cortex....Pages 77-77
Actions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Function and Morphology of Visual Cortical Neurons....Pages 78-79
Distance and Size Estimation in the Tiger Beetle Larva: Behavioral, Morphological, and Electrophysiological Approaches....Pages 80-85
Extraocular Photoreception of a Marine Gastropoda, Onchidium: Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Axons of Dermal Photoreceptor Cells in the Dorsal Mantle Examined with a High-Voltage Electron Microscope....Pages 86-90
The Cystein-Rich Domains of RDGA, a Drosophila Eye-Specific Diacylglycerol Kinase, Are Required for Protein Localization and Enzyme Activity....Pages 91-91
Polymorphic Variations in Long- and Middle-Wavelength-Sensitive Opsin Gene Loci in Crab-Eating Monkeys....Pages 92-93
S- and M-Cone Electroretinograms in rd7 Mice with NR2E3 Gene Mutation....Pages 94-95
Activation of Group Ill Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Suppresses the Membrane Currents in Newt Photoreceptors....Pages 96-96
Quantitative Analysis of Signal Transduction in the Olfactory Receptor Cell....Pages 97-97
RPE65-Related Proteins Constitute a Retinoid- and Carotenoid-Metabolizing Protein Family Throughout the Animal and Plant Kingdom....Pages 98-102
Simulation Analysis of Retinal Horizontal Cells....Pages 103-107
External Proton Mediates the Feedback from Horizontal Cells to Cones in the Newt Retina....Pages 108-109
A Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Mediates Synaptic Transmission from Blue-Sensitive Cones to ON-Bipolar Cells in Carp Retina....Pages 110-110
Mathematical Model Study of Continuous Transmitter Release in the Synaptic Terminal of Goldfish Retinal Bipolar Cells....Pages 111-112
The Role of Ionic Currents in Shaping Light Responses of Retinal Bipolar Cell....Pages 113-116
Asymmetric Temporal Properties in the Receptive Field of Transient Amacrine Cells in Carp Retina....Pages 117-117
Spatial Asymmetry and Temporal Delay of Inhibitory Amacrine Cells Produce Directional Selectivity in Retina....Pages 118-119
Fast Calcium Imagings of Amacrine Cell Dendrites in Horizontally Sliced Goldfish Retina....Pages 120-120
Distribution and Morphological Features of the Retinal Ganglion Cells in Chicks....Pages 121-125
Homotypic Gap Junction Connections Between Retinal Amacrine Cells....Pages 126-133
A Retinal Ganglion Cell Model Based on Discrete Stochastic Ion Channels....Pages 134-137
Retinal Adaptation to the Spatiotemporal Statistical Structure of Visual Input....Pages 138-138
Zinc as a Neurotransmitter in the Rat Retina....Pages 139-142
Suppression by Odorants of Voltage-Gated and Ligand-Gated Channels in Retinal Neurons....Pages 143-146
Dopamine D1 Receptor on Cultured Muller Cells....Pages 147-147
Origin of Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration Increase by Hypoxia Differs Between Muller Cells and Ganglion Cells....Pages 148-148
Expression of Otx2 in Regenerating and Developing Newt Retina....Pages 149-149
Genes Involved in the Retinal Development Are Also Expressed in the Retinal Regeneration....Pages 150-150
Difference in Survival and Axonal Regeneration Between Alpha and Beta Types of Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 151-155
Survival-Promoting Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Axotomized Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 156-159
A New Cl Channel Family Defined by Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy....Pages 160-163
Pharmacological Aspects of Nilvadipine-Induced Preservation of Retinal Degeneration in RCS Rat Analyzed by mRNA Profiling Assay....Pages 164-167
Nilvadipine, a Ca2+ Antagonist, Effectively Preserves Photoreceptor Functions in Royal College of Surgeons Rat....Pages 168-172
Aberrantly Expressed Recoverin in Tumor Tissues from Gastric Cancer Patients....Pages 173-176
Cancer-Associated Retinopathy (CAR) is Effectively Treated by Ca2+ Antagonist Administration....Pages 177-181
Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers on Retinal Morphology and Function of rd Mouse....Pages 182-187
Chemically Induced Mutations in the Mouse that Affect the Fundus and Electroretinogram....Pages 188-189
Unitary Event Analysis of Synchronous Activities in Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)....Pages 190-193
Functional Mapping of Neural Activity in the Embryonic Avian Visual System: Optical Recording with a Voltage-Sensitive Dye....Pages 194-198
Interactive Vision: A New Columnar System in Layer 2....Pages 199-203
Cross-Correlation Study of Network Dynamics in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 204-204
Contrast-Dependent Gain Control of the Contextual Response Modulation in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 205-208
Contribution of Excitation and Inhibition to the Stimulus Size- and Orientation-Tuning of Response Modulation by the Receptive Field Surround in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 209-212
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Vertical Orientation on the Development of Orientation Preference Maps....Pages 213-216
Self-Organization Model of Ocular Dominance Columns and Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs in the Primary Visual Cortex of Monkeys and Cats....Pages 217-220
Long-Range Horizontal Connections Assist the Formation of Robust Orientation Maps....Pages 221-224
Experience-Dependent Self-Organization of Visual Cortical Receptive Fields and Maps....Pages 225-229
Distributions of Binocular Phase Disparities in Natural Stereopair Images....Pages 230-230
A Network Model for Figure/Ground Determination Based on Contrast Information....Pages 231-235
Neural Responses to the Uniform Surface Stimuli in the Visual Cortex of the Cat....Pages 236-237
Cascaded Energy Model as the Basis for Neural Processing in V2....Pages 238-239
Behavioral and Physiological Study of Color Processing in Human Brain....Pages 240-244
Inhibitory Mechanisms Underlying Stimulus-Selective Responses of Inferior Temporal Neurons....Pages 245-249
Back Matter....Pages 250-253

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Researchers in recent decades have elucidated signal transduction in the retina and the function of the visual cortex. The highly flexible nature of neural circuits in the visual cortex especially during the critical period has been an interesting subject for studying neural plasticity and development. Recent advances in the visual neurosciences of the vertebrate retina and the visual cortex were discussed during the 12th Keio International Symposium for Life Science and Medicine, meeting jointly with Vision Forum 2002. Contributions to the symposium collected in this volume reflect the convergence of physiological, cell biological, molecular, mathematical, and clinical approaches. The book covers topics ranging from phototransduction to visual information processing in the primary visual cortex, and includes clinical studies on hereditary night blindness, creating a valuable source of information for researchers and clinicians in the visual neurosciences.

Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XVIII
Psychophysics to Biophysics: How a Perception Depends on Circuits, Synapses, and Vesicles....Pages 1-1
Phototransduction in Rods and Cones, and Beyond....Pages 2-3
Efficiency of Phototransduction Cascade in Cones....Pages 4-4
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in Human Photoreceptors: Na+ and Hyperpolarization-Activated Cation Channels....Pages 5-14
Neuroinformatics in Vision Science: NRV Project and VISIOME Platform....Pages 15-18
The Cone Pedicle, the First Synapse in the Retina....Pages 19-38
Transmission at the Mammalian Cone Photoreceptor Basal Synapse....Pages 39-39
Impaired Transmission from Photoreceptors to Bipolar Cells: Mouse Models....Pages 40-40
Selective Dysfunction of On- and/or Off-Bipolar Cell in Human Diseases....Pages 41-41
Neural Circuit Contributing to the Formation of the Receptive Surround....Pages 42-43
GABAergic Modulation of Ephaptic Feedback in the Outer Retina....Pages 44-45
SN1 Catalyzes Transport of Glutamine Across Muller Cells in Retina....Pages 46-47
Some Functions of Amacrine Cells....Pages 48-49
Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying Direction Selectivity in Rabbit Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 50-51
Processing and Integration Mechanisms of Visual Transmission in the Retinal Network....Pages 52-52
Narrow-Field Amacrine Cells Mediate OFF Signals Between B2 Bipolar and Ganglion Cells in the Mouse Retina....Pages 53-54
Functional Roles of Action Potentials and Na Currents in Amacrine Cells....Pages 55-58
Neural Mechanisms of Synchronous Oscillations in Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 59-60
Adaptation of the Retinal Code: What the Eye Does Not Tell the Brain....Pages 61-61
Coding Properties of the Avian ON-OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 62-63
Spatiotemporal Changes in Gap Junctional Communication During Retinal Development and Regeneration of Adult Newt....Pages 64-64
Development and Plasticity in the Postnatal Mouse Retina....Pages 65-65
Representation of Visual Information in Simple and Complex Cells in the Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 66-67
Diversity of Computation of Orientation and Direction Preference by Visual Cortical Neurons: An Intracellular Reexamination....Pages 68-69
Assembly of Receptive Fields in Cat Visual Cortex....Pages 70-70
Local Circuit in the Cerebral Cortex....Pages 71-72
Properties and Possible Mechanisms of Response Modulation by the Receptive Field Surround in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 73-73
Representation of Surface Luminance and Brightness in Macaque Visual Cortex....Pages 74-74
Inhibitory Circuits that Control Critical Period Plasticity in Developing Visual Cortex....Pages 75-76
Substrates of Rapid Plasticity in Developing Visual Cortex....Pages 77-77
Actions of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor on Function and Morphology of Visual Cortical Neurons....Pages 78-79
Distance and Size Estimation in the Tiger Beetle Larva: Behavioral, Morphological, and Electrophysiological Approaches....Pages 80-85
Extraocular Photoreception of a Marine Gastropoda, Onchidium: Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Axons of Dermal Photoreceptor Cells in the Dorsal Mantle Examined with a High-Voltage Electron Microscope....Pages 86-90
The Cystein-Rich Domains of RDGA, a Drosophila Eye-Specific Diacylglycerol Kinase, Are Required for Protein Localization and Enzyme Activity....Pages 91-91
Polymorphic Variations in Long- and Middle-Wavelength-Sensitive Opsin Gene Loci in Crab-Eating Monkeys....Pages 92-93
S- and M-Cone Electroretinograms in rd7 Mice with NR2E3 Gene Mutation....Pages 94-95
Activation of Group Ill Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Suppresses the Membrane Currents in Newt Photoreceptors....Pages 96-96
Quantitative Analysis of Signal Transduction in the Olfactory Receptor Cell....Pages 97-97
RPE65-Related Proteins Constitute a Retinoid- and Carotenoid-Metabolizing Protein Family Throughout the Animal and Plant Kingdom....Pages 98-102
Simulation Analysis of Retinal Horizontal Cells....Pages 103-107
External Proton Mediates the Feedback from Horizontal Cells to Cones in the Newt Retina....Pages 108-109
A Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Mediates Synaptic Transmission from Blue-Sensitive Cones to ON-Bipolar Cells in Carp Retina....Pages 110-110
Mathematical Model Study of Continuous Transmitter Release in the Synaptic Terminal of Goldfish Retinal Bipolar Cells....Pages 111-112
The Role of Ionic Currents in Shaping Light Responses of Retinal Bipolar Cell....Pages 113-116
Asymmetric Temporal Properties in the Receptive Field of Transient Amacrine Cells in Carp Retina....Pages 117-117
Spatial Asymmetry and Temporal Delay of Inhibitory Amacrine Cells Produce Directional Selectivity in Retina....Pages 118-119
Fast Calcium Imagings of Amacrine Cell Dendrites in Horizontally Sliced Goldfish Retina....Pages 120-120
Distribution and Morphological Features of the Retinal Ganglion Cells in Chicks....Pages 121-125
Homotypic Gap Junction Connections Between Retinal Amacrine Cells....Pages 126-133
A Retinal Ganglion Cell Model Based on Discrete Stochastic Ion Channels....Pages 134-137
Retinal Adaptation to the Spatiotemporal Statistical Structure of Visual Input....Pages 138-138
Zinc as a Neurotransmitter in the Rat Retina....Pages 139-142
Suppression by Odorants of Voltage-Gated and Ligand-Gated Channels in Retinal Neurons....Pages 143-146
Dopamine D1 Receptor on Cultured Muller Cells....Pages 147-147
Origin of Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration Increase by Hypoxia Differs Between Muller Cells and Ganglion Cells....Pages 148-148
Expression of Otx2 in Regenerating and Developing Newt Retina....Pages 149-149
Genes Involved in the Retinal Development Are Also Expressed in the Retinal Regeneration....Pages 150-150
Difference in Survival and Axonal Regeneration Between Alpha and Beta Types of Cat Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 151-155
Survival-Promoting Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Axotomized Retinal Ganglion Cells....Pages 156-159
A New Cl Channel Family Defined by Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy....Pages 160-163
Pharmacological Aspects of Nilvadipine-Induced Preservation of Retinal Degeneration in RCS Rat Analyzed by mRNA Profiling Assay....Pages 164-167
Nilvadipine, a Ca2+ Antagonist, Effectively Preserves Photoreceptor Functions in Royal College of Surgeons Rat....Pages 168-172
Aberrantly Expressed Recoverin in Tumor Tissues from Gastric Cancer Patients....Pages 173-176
Cancer-Associated Retinopathy (CAR) is Effectively Treated by Ca2+ Antagonist Administration....Pages 177-181
Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers on Retinal Morphology and Function of rd Mouse....Pages 182-187
Chemically Induced Mutations in the Mouse that Affect the Fundus and Electroretinogram....Pages 188-189
Unitary Event Analysis of Synchronous Activities in Cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)....Pages 190-193
Functional Mapping of Neural Activity in the Embryonic Avian Visual System: Optical Recording with a Voltage-Sensitive Dye....Pages 194-198
Interactive Vision: A New Columnar System in Layer 2....Pages 199-203
Cross-Correlation Study of Network Dynamics in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 204-204
Contrast-Dependent Gain Control of the Contextual Response Modulation in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 205-208
Contribution of Excitation and Inhibition to the Stimulus Size- and Orientation-Tuning of Response Modulation by the Receptive Field Surround in the Cat Primary Visual Cortex....Pages 209-212
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Vertical Orientation on the Development of Orientation Preference Maps....Pages 213-216
Self-Organization Model of Ocular Dominance Columns and Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs in the Primary Visual Cortex of Monkeys and Cats....Pages 217-220
Long-Range Horizontal Connections Assist the Formation of Robust Orientation Maps....Pages 221-224
Experience-Dependent Self-Organization of Visual Cortical Receptive Fields and Maps....Pages 225-229
Distributions of Binocular Phase Disparities in Natural Stereopair Images....Pages 230-230
A Network Model for Figure/Ground Determination Based on Contrast Information....Pages 231-235
Neural Responses to the Uniform Surface Stimuli in the Visual Cortex of the Cat....Pages 236-237
Cascaded Energy Model as the Basis for Neural Processing in V2....Pages 238-239
Behavioral and Physiological Study of Color Processing in Human Brain....Pages 240-244
Inhibitory Mechanisms Underlying Stimulus-Selective Responses of Inferior Temporal Neurons....Pages 245-249
Back Matter....Pages 250-253
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