Ebook: The Nidoviruses: Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses

In 1996 the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) recognized the name Nidovirales, as the formal name for Coronaviridae and A rteriviridae. In recognition of this change, and in response to the wishes of our colleagues we named this meeting for the first time "The International Symposium of Nidoviruses". The meeting in the wooded environment of Lake Harmony, Pennsylvania, provided a stimulating opportunity for assessing the progress made in the field since the last meeting in Segovia Spain in 1997. Over 150 scientists from academia and industry attended the meeting. The meeting hosted senior members of the Nidovirus community, some of whom have been studying the subject for over 20 years, as well as younger scientists, the next generation of Nidoviro10gists. The traditional informal format, the shared meals, the social activities and the relatively inexpensive venue made the meeting a popular adventure. In her opening remarks Susan Weiss showed pictures from previous meetings, reminding us how young we used to look. Neal Nathanson was our keynote speaker at the opening night, giving an overview on how viral pathogenesis studies helped in shaping the evolution of viral research and vaccine development. The scientific program of the meeting was divided into 9 sessions including lO keynote presentations. The meeting opened with a session on epidemiology, evolution and genome structure. Sasha Gorbalenya shared with us insights gained from comparative sequence analysis, emphasizing the unifying traits among nidovriuses, but also pointed out the remaining "black holes".

---

---

Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xvi
Big Nidovirus Genome....Pages 1-17
Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Equine Arteritis Virus....Pages 19-24
Genetic and Antigenic Stability of PRRS Virus in Pigs....Pages 25-30
Appearance of Novel PRRSV Isolates by Recombination in the Natural Environment....Pages 31-36
Predicted RNA Folding Suggests PRRSV Major and Heteroclite Subgenomic Transcripts Result from Polymerase Switching at Unpaired Nucleotides....Pages 37-42
Gill-Associated Virus of Penaeus Monodon Prawns....Pages 43-48
Elucidation of the Genomic Nucleotide Sequence of Bovine Coronavirus and Analysis of Cryptic Leader mRNA Fusion Sites....Pages 49-55
Biological and Molecular Characteristics of an HEV Isolate Associated with Recent Acute Outbreaks of Encephalomyelitis in Quebec Pig Farms....Pages 57-62
Identification of Specific Variations within the HE, S1, and ORF4 Genes of Bovine Coronaviruses Associated with Enteric and Respiratory Diseases in Dairy Cattle....Pages 63-67
Genetic Variation of ORFs 3 and 4 of Equine Arteritis Virus....Pages 69-72
Full-Length Genomic Sequence of Bovine Coronavirus (31kb)....Pages 73-76
Analysis of CNS Inflammatory Responses to MHV....Pages 77-82
Analysis of Nonessential Gene Function in Recombinant MHV-JHM....Pages 83-89
Persistence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome in Pigs....Pages 91-94
Susceptibility of Murine CNS to OC43 Infection....Pages 95-99
Caspase Inhibitors Block MHV-3 Induced Apoptosis and Enhance Viral Replication and Pathogenicity....Pages 101-107
MHV Neuropathogenesis: The Study of Chimeric S Genes and Mutations in the Hypervariable Region....Pages 109-114
Mutation of the Immunodominant CD8+ Epitope in the MHV-4 Spike Protein....Pages 115-119
Spread of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV) in the CNS of Rats Inoculated by Intranasal Route....Pages 121-125
Demyelination Determinants in the S Gene of MHV....Pages 127-132
Role of the Spike Protein in Murine Coronavirus Induced Hepatitis: An in vivo Study Using Targeted RNA Recombination....Pages 133-137
Neurovirulence for Mice of Soluble Receptor-Resistant Mutants of Murine Coronavirus JHMV....Pages 139-144
Infection of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV) at the Visual Pathways of Rats....Pages 145-148
The Effect of the T1087N S Gene Mutation on MHV-A59 Pathogenesis....Pages 149-154
Pathogenesis of Fusion Deficient Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Viruses....Pages 155-157
Programmed Cell Death in MHV-Induced Demyelination....Pages 159-162
Receptor Specificity and Receptor-Induced Conformational Changes in Mouse Hepatitis Virus Spike Glycoprotein....Pages 163-167
Murine Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein....Pages 169-172
Human Coronavirus HCoV-229E Enters Susceptible Cells via the Endocytic Pathway....Pages 173-181
Addition of a Single Glycosylation Site to hAPN Blocks Human Coronavirus-229E Receptor Activity....Pages 183-192
Effects of Amino Acid Insertions in the Cysteine-Rich Domain of the MHV-A59 Spike Protein on Cell Fusion....Pages 193-198
Involvement in Fusion Activity of an Epitope in the S2 Subunit of Murine Coronavirus Spike Protein....Pages 199-204
Are Intestinal Mucins Involved in the Pathogenicity of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus?....Pages 205-211
Biochemical Properties and Processing of the Three Major Structural Proteins of PRRS Virus Expressed by Recombinant Adenoviruses....Pages 213-218
Inefficient Infection of Soluble Receptor-Resistant Mutants of Murine Coronavirus in Cells Expressing MHVR2 Receptor....Pages 219-223
A Study on Mouse Hepatitis Virus Receptor Genotype in the Wild Mouse....Pages 225-231
Arterivirus RNA Synthesis Dissected....Pages 233-236
Guanosine Triphosphatase Activity of the Human Coronavirus Helicase....Pages 237-240
A Strategy for the Generation of an Infectious Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus from Cloned cDNA....Pages 241-253
Processing of the Replicase of Murine Coronavirus: Papain-like Proteinase 2 (PLP2) Acts to Generate p150 and p44....Pages 255-260
Comparison of Replicase Localization in Different Types of Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV)-infected Cells....Pages 261-266
Exploiting DNA Immunization to Generate Polyclonal Antisera to Coronavirus Replicase Proteins....Pages 267-273
Further Identification and Characterization of Products Processed from the Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) 1a Polyprotein by the 3C-like Proteinase....Pages 275-281
CD8 T Cell Mediated Immunity to Neurotropic MHV Infection....Pages 283-289
Coronavirus Derived Expression Systems....Pages 291-298
The CXC Chemokines IP-10 and Mig are Essential in Host Defense Following Infection with a Neurotropic Coronavirus....Pages 299-308
Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase (TIMP) Genes During JHMV Infection of the Central Nervous System....Pages 309-321
IFN-? Secreted by Virus-Specific CD8+ T Cells Contribute to CNS Viral Clearance....Pages 323-327
The Role of CD4 and CD8 T Cells in MHV-JHM-Induced Demyelination....Pages 329-334
Acute CNS Infection is Insufficient to Mediate Chronic T Cell Retention....Pages 335-340
Generation from Multiple Sclerosis Patients of Long-Term T-Cell Clones that are Activated by both Human Coronavirus and Myelin Antigens....Pages 341-347
The Role of B Cells in Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection and Pathology....Pages 349-354
B Cell Mediated Lysis of JHMV Infected Targets....Pages 355-362
Polyclonal Activation of B Cells by Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus is Mediated by N-Glycans on the Short Ectodomain of the Primary Envelope Glycoprotein....Pages 363-368
Influence of Changes in the Population of Target Cells and Appearance of Specific Antibodies on the Replication of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in the Lungs of Pigs....Pages 369-374
Monoclonal Antibody Directed against a Membranous Protein of MARC-145 Cells Blocks Infection by PRRSV....Pages 375-384
Detection of Antibodies to the Nucleocapsid Protein of PRRS Virus by a Competitive ELISA....Pages 385-393
Enhancement of Defective RNA Expression Vectors as Potential Vaccine Delivery Systems for Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus....Pages 395-399
A Virus-Neutralising Monoclonal Antibody Expressed in the Milk of Transgenic Mice....Pages 401-405
Nidovirus Genome Replication and Subgenomic mRNA Synthesis....Pages 407-409
Regulation of Mouse Hepatitis Virus RNA synthesis by Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein Al....Pages 411-414
Role of hnRNP Al in Coronavirus RNA Synthesis....Pages 415-428
Expression of Transcriptional Units Using Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Derived Minigenomes and Full-length cDNA Clones....Pages 429-436
Identification of the Mutations Responsible for the Phenotype of Three MHV RNA-negative ts Mutants....Pages 437-446
MHV Subgenomic Negative Strand Function....Pages 447-451
Requirement of the Poly(A) Tail in Coronavirus Genome Replication....Pages 453-458
A Simple Strategy to Assemble Infectious RNA and DNA Clones....Pages 459-465
Chromatography of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Replicative Intermediate and Replicative Form RNA....Pages 467-474
Mouse Hepatitis Virus Minus-strand Templates are Unstable and Turnover During Viral Replication....Pages 475-481
Mutagenesis of the 3?42 Nucleotide Host Protein Binding Element of the MHV 3?UTR....Pages 483-489
Use of an Infectious Bronchitis Virus D-RNA as an RNA Vector....Pages 491-497
Use of Defective RNAs Containing Reporter Genes to Investigate Targeted Recombination for Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus....Pages 499-505
Characterization of an Arterivirus Defective Interfering RNA....Pages 507-512
Packaged Heteroclite Subgenomic RNAs of PRRSV....Pages 513-518
Cloning Of A Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Full-Length cDNA....Pages 519-525
Functional IBV Minigenomes Generated by Recombinant Fowl Pox Viruses for use in IBV-Targeted Recombination Studies....Pages 527-532
Heterogeneity of Subgenomic mRNAs of a Mutant Mouse Hepatitis Virus Strain JHM2C....Pages 533-536
Mapping of the RNA-Binding Domain of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nucleocapsid Protein....Pages 537-540
Sequences Required for Replication and Packaging of IBV RNA....Pages 541-546
Characterization of Temperature-sensitive (ts) Mutants of Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)....Pages 547-552
Identification of a Noncanonical Transcription Initiation Site for Transcription of a Subgenomic mRNA of Mouse Hepatitis Virus....Pages 553-556
Infectious Bronchitis Virus Envelope Protein Targeting: Implications for Virus Assembly....Pages 557-562
Characterization of Nucleocapsid-M Protein Interaction in Murine Coronavirus....Pages 563-570
Production, Characterization, and Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 3? Untranslated Region and Nucleoprotein RNA Binding Proteins....Pages 571-576
The Membrane M Protein of the Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Binds to the Internal Core through the Carboxy-Terminus....Pages 577-582
Physical Interaction Between the Membrane (M) and Envelope (E) Proteins of the Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV)....Pages 583-588
Mitochondrial Aconitase Binds to the 3’-UTR of Mouse Hepatitis Virus RNA....Pages 589-593
The Cell Biology of Coronavirus Infection....Pages 595-602
Induction of Apoptosis in Murine Coronavirus-Infected 17CI-1 Cells....Pages 603-608
Specific Cleavage of 28S Ribosomal RNA in Murine Coronavirus-Infected Cells....Pages 609-614
Homotypic Interactions of the Nucleocapsid Protein of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)....Pages 615-620
Interactions of Cellular Proteins with the Positive Strand of 3’-Untranslated Region RNA and the Nucleoprotein Gene of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus....Pages 621-626
Cloning and Identification of MARC-145 Cell Proteins Binding to 3’ UTR and Partial Nucleoprotein Gene of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus....Pages 627-632
Identification of Cell Proteins that Bind to the SHFV 3?(+)NCR....Pages 633-639
MHV-A59 Gene 1 Proteins are Associated with Two Distinct Membrane Populations....Pages 641-646
Differential Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Primary Glial Cell Cultures Infected with Demyelinating and Non-Demyelinating MHVs....Pages 647-653
Infectious Bronchitis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein Interactions with the 3’ Untranslated Region of Genomic RNA Depend on Uridylate Bases....Pages 655-661
Induction of Apoptosis in MRC-5, Diploid Human Fetal Lung Cells after Infection with Human Coronavirus OC43....Pages 663-668
Effects of Heparin on the Entry of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus into Alveolar Macrophages....Pages 669-675
Apoptosis in the Lungs of Pigs During an Infection with a European Strain of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus....Pages 677-682
Back Matter....Pages 683-689
....Pages 691-698