Ebook: Accommodation and Vergence Mechanisms in the Visual System

This conference was instigated by a combination of factors: The nature of the problem, the wide­ spread occupational epidemiology reported on eye symptoms and eye fatigue in the workplace, and the organizers' awareness of the complexity of the scientific and clinical bases of knowledge that might be usefully applied. The introduction of new methods into system neurobiology provides new insights into how we receive and process information from the external world, and act upon it. New, non-invasive methods have opened the way to direct observation of the human brain in action. Due particularly to the interaction between the visual and oculomotor requirements involved, several clinical and scientific fields intersect when these issues are considered. To provide clear vision the accommodative and pupillary mechanisms are used. To maintain binocularity, the ver­ gence oculomotor system, sensitive to fatigue, must attain congruence with accommodative levels. This accommodation-vergence linkage was a focus of our symposium.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XIX
Neuronal circuits for accommodation and vergence in the primate....Pages 1-9
Neural codes for three-dimensional space....Pages 11-20
Neuronal connectivity between accommodative and active fixation systems....Pages 21-30
The pupillary light reflex, accommodation and convergence: Comparative considerations....Pages 31-42
Vergence eye movement and lens accommodation: cortical processing and neuronal pathway....Pages 43-50
Research on dynamic accommodation using TDO III (Three Dimensional Optometer III) and MEG (Magnetoencephalography)....Pages 51-66
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: Voluntary modulation of accommodation in the human visual system....Pages 67-78
Functional neuroanatomy of the human near/far response of the visual system to blur cues: Fixation to point targets at different viewing distances....Pages 79-90
Spatial contrast sensitivity and visual accommodation studied with VEP (Visual Evoked Potential), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and psychophysical techniques....Pages 91-114
Accommodation and the through-focus changes of the retinal image....Pages 115-127
Accommodative microfluctuations: a mechanism for steady-state control of accommodation....Pages 129-140
Pharmacology of accommodative adaptation....Pages 141-150
Behavioral links between the oculomotor and cardiovascular systems....Pages 151-160
Development of accommodation and vergence in infancy....Pages 161-170
The accommodative response to blur in myopic children....Pages 171-181
The role of muscarinic antagonists in the control of eye growth and myopia....Pages 183-192
Accommodation, age and presbyopia....Pages 193-200
Chromatic stimulus for accommodation to stationary and moving targets....Pages 201-212
Error signal detection and dynamics of accommodation....Pages 213-223
Mode switching in control of accommodation....Pages 225-234
A Modified Control Model for Steady-State Accommodation....Pages 235-243
Binocular Accommodation....Pages 245-256
Vertical vergence — normal function and plasticity....Pages 257-272
Predicting accommodative performance in difficult conditions: A behavioral analysis of normal variations of accommodation....Pages 273-284
The influence of oculomotor function on the optical correction for night myopia....Pages 285-292
Effects of neck muscles proprioception on eye position and vergence movements....Pages 293-301
Accommodation/vergence/fixation disparity and synergism of head, neck and shoulders....Pages 303-312
Changes in accommodation and vergence following 2 hours of movie viewing through bi-ocular head-mounted display....Pages 313-325
Development of myopia due to environmental problems. A possible interaction of anti-cholinesterase compounds examined by accommodative adaptation....Pages 327-340
Nearwork and visual well-being: A possible contribution of neuroscience....Pages 341-344
Back Matter....Pages 345-346

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XIX
Neuronal circuits for accommodation and vergence in the primate....Pages 1-9
Neural codes for three-dimensional space....Pages 11-20
Neuronal connectivity between accommodative and active fixation systems....Pages 21-30
The pupillary light reflex, accommodation and convergence: Comparative considerations....Pages 31-42
Vergence eye movement and lens accommodation: cortical processing and neuronal pathway....Pages 43-50
Research on dynamic accommodation using TDO III (Three Dimensional Optometer III) and MEG (Magnetoencephalography)....Pages 51-66
Neuroanatomical correlates of the near response: Voluntary modulation of accommodation in the human visual system....Pages 67-78
Functional neuroanatomy of the human near/far response of the visual system to blur cues: Fixation to point targets at different viewing distances....Pages 79-90
Spatial contrast sensitivity and visual accommodation studied with VEP (Visual Evoked Potential), PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and psychophysical techniques....Pages 91-114
Accommodation and the through-focus changes of the retinal image....Pages 115-127
Accommodative microfluctuations: a mechanism for steady-state control of accommodation....Pages 129-140
Pharmacology of accommodative adaptation....Pages 141-150
Behavioral links between the oculomotor and cardiovascular systems....Pages 151-160
Development of accommodation and vergence in infancy....Pages 161-170
The accommodative response to blur in myopic children....Pages 171-181
The role of muscarinic antagonists in the control of eye growth and myopia....Pages 183-192
Accommodation, age and presbyopia....Pages 193-200
Chromatic stimulus for accommodation to stationary and moving targets....Pages 201-212
Error signal detection and dynamics of accommodation....Pages 213-223
Mode switching in control of accommodation....Pages 225-234
A Modified Control Model for Steady-State Accommodation....Pages 235-243
Binocular Accommodation....Pages 245-256
Vertical vergence — normal function and plasticity....Pages 257-272
Predicting accommodative performance in difficult conditions: A behavioral analysis of normal variations of accommodation....Pages 273-284
The influence of oculomotor function on the optical correction for night myopia....Pages 285-292
Effects of neck muscles proprioception on eye position and vergence movements....Pages 293-301
Accommodation/vergence/fixation disparity and synergism of head, neck and shoulders....Pages 303-312
Changes in accommodation and vergence following 2 hours of movie viewing through bi-ocular head-mounted display....Pages 313-325
Development of myopia due to environmental problems. A possible interaction of anti-cholinesterase compounds examined by accommodative adaptation....Pages 327-340
Nearwork and visual well-being: A possible contribution of neuroscience....Pages 341-344
Back Matter....Pages 345-346
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