Ebook: Myasthenia Gravis: Disease Mechanism and Immunointervention

Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classical autoimmune disease, for which the target antigen, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been cloned, sequenced and biochemically characterized. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors destroy acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, thus leading to defective neuromuscular transmission, muscle fatigue, and weakness.
In the last few years, rapid advances have been made in unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MG, both in the animal model, experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), and in human MG. Significant advances are being made in characterizing the cells and molecules involved in the autoimmune response to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). These advances are leading to the development of specific methods of immunointervention in EAMG. Further understanding of the intricate involvement of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC genes, T cell receptors (TCR), costimulator molecules, and specific cytokines in the afferent and efferent autoimmune response of AChR should pave the way to future antigen/clone-specific therapy of MG.
This book is the outcome of the MG workshop proceedings in Mysore, India, 1998. The majority of the chapters in this book are contributed by world-renowned authors and their students. The book not only contains a timely review of specific topics, but also up-to-date findings. Immunologists and neurologists will find, in this volume, the latest in MG/EAMG cutting-edge research. Clinicians will be interested in the applications of the various immunointervention strategies into clinical trials in MG patients. Finally, students will not only be interested in reading the latest in EAMG/MG research, but will also find information to help them develop a future strategy to unravel the precise mechanism of disease.
To summarize, in this book, the readers should find up-to-date information related to immunological mechanisms involved in MG pathogenesis and various modalities for possible approaches to immunointervention to treat MG.

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Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classical autoimmune disease, for which the target antigen, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been cloned, sequenced and biochemically characterized. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors destroy acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, thus leading to defective neuromuscular transmission, muscle fatigue, and weakness.
In the last few years, rapid advances have been made in unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MG, both in the animal model, experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), and in human MG. Significant advances are being made in characterizing the cells and molecules involved in the autoimmune response to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). These advances are leading to the development of specific methods of immunointervention in EAMG. Further understanding of the intricate involvement of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC genes, T cell receptors (TCR), costimulator molecules, and specific cytokines in the afferent and efferent autoimmune response of AChR should pave the way to future antigen/clone-specific therapy of MG.
This book is the outcome of the MG workshop proceedings in Mysore, India, 1998. The majority of the chapters in this book are contributed by world-renowned authors and their students. The book not only contains a timely review of specific topics, but also up-to-date findings. Immunologists and neurologists will find, in this volume, the latest in MG/EAMG cutting-edge research. Clinicians will be interested in the applications of the various immunointervention strategies into clinical trials in MG patients. Finally, students will not only be interested in reading the latest in EAMG/MG research, but will also find information to help them develop a future strategy to unravel the precise mechanism of disease.
To summarize, in this book, the readers should find up-to-date information related to immunological mechanisms involved in MG pathogenesis and various modalities for possible approaches to immunointervention to treat MG.

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Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classical autoimmune disease, for which the target antigen, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been cloned, sequenced and biochemically characterized. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors destroy acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, thus leading to defective neuromuscular transmission, muscle fatigue, and weakness.
In the last few years, rapid advances have been made in unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MG, both in the animal model, experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), and in human MG. Significant advances are being made in characterizing the cells and molecules involved in the autoimmune response to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). These advances are leading to the development of specific methods of immunointervention in EAMG. Further understanding of the intricate involvement of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC genes, T cell receptors (TCR), costimulator molecules, and specific cytokines in the afferent and efferent autoimmune response of AChR should pave the way to future antigen/clone-specific therapy of MG.
This book is the outcome of the MG workshop proceedings in Mysore, India, 1998. The majority of the chapters in this book are contributed by world-renowned authors and their students. The book not only contains a timely review of specific topics, but also up-to-date findings. Immunologists and neurologists will find, in this volume, the latest in MG/EAMG cutting-edge research. Clinicians will be interested in the applications of the various immunointervention strategies into clinical trials in MG patients. Finally, students will not only be interested in reading the latest in EAMG/MG research, but will also find information to help them develop a future strategy to unravel the precise mechanism of disease.
To summarize, in this book, the readers should find up-to-date information related to immunological mechanisms involved in MG pathogenesis and various modalities for possible approaches to immunointervention to treat MG.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xiii
Current Concepts on the Structure of Acetylcholine Receptor with Relevance to Myasthenia Gravis and Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis Pathogenesis....Pages 1-19
Tolerance of a Transgenic Self Antigen Expressed in the Thymus: Implication for Myasthenia gravis....Pages 20-27
Low Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Delta-Subunit Message and Protein in Human Thymus Suggests the Occurrence of ‘Triplet Receptors’ in Thymic Myoid Cells....Pages 28-34
Aberrant Encounter of Acetylcholine Receptor-Expressing Cells with the Lymphoid Infiltrates in the Thymus of Myasthenia Gravis Patients....Pages 35-41
Expression of the Acetylcholine Receptor ?-Subunit Gene is Associated with Paraneoplastic Myasthenia Gravis in Mixed Thymoma....Pages 42-50
Abnormal Thymocyte Development and Neurofilament-Reactive Thymocytes in Thymoma....Pages 51-57
Cellular Mechanisms of Target Antigen Attack in Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 58-72
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor CD4+ T Cells in Myasthenia Gravis: Epitope repertoire and T cell receptor gene usage....Pages 73-93
Molecular Mechanisms of MHC Associations with Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 94-104
Non-MHC Genetic Polymorphisms in Human Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 105-115
Experimental Myasthenia Gravis in Mice: The role of costimulatory molecules....Pages 116-124
Passive Myasthenia Gravis Induced in SCID Mice by Transfer of Blood Cells from Myasthenie Patients....Pages 125-140
Evidence for an Upregulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Messenger Subunits Triggered by Antibody-Mediated Receptor Internalization in Human Myasthenia Gravis Muscles....Pages 141-149
Oral Administration of Peptide T?l46-162 Prevents EAMG in Mice....Pages 150-160
Protective Role of Th2 Cells in Mouse Experimental Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 161-172
Antigen-Specific Therapy of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis: Mucosal tolerance with recombinant fragments of the human acetylcholine receptor....Pages 173-181
Immunomodulation of Myasthenia Gravis Associated Autoimmune Responses by an Altered Peptide Ligand: Mechanisms of action....Pages 182-194
Antigen-Specific Immunointervention in Experimental Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 195-205
Back Matter....Pages 207-208

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Autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG) is a classical autoimmune disease, for which the target antigen, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been cloned, sequenced and biochemically characterized. Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors destroy acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction, thus leading to defective neuromuscular transmission, muscle fatigue, and weakness.
In the last few years, rapid advances have been made in unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MG, both in the animal model, experimental autoimmune MG (EAMG), and in human MG. Significant advances are being made in characterizing the cells and molecules involved in the autoimmune response to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). These advances are leading to the development of specific methods of immunointervention in EAMG. Further understanding of the intricate involvement of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC genes, T cell receptors (TCR), costimulator molecules, and specific cytokines in the afferent and efferent autoimmune response of AChR should pave the way to future antigen/clone-specific therapy of MG.
This book is the outcome of the MG workshop proceedings in Mysore, India, 1998. The majority of the chapters in this book are contributed by world-renowned authors and their students. The book not only contains a timely review of specific topics, but also up-to-date findings. Immunologists and neurologists will find, in this volume, the latest in MG/EAMG cutting-edge research. Clinicians will be interested in the applications of the various immunointervention strategies into clinical trials in MG patients. Finally, students will not only be interested in reading the latest in EAMG/MG research, but will also find information to help them develop a future strategy to unravel the precise mechanism of disease.
To summarize, in this book, the readers should find up-to-date information related to immunological mechanisms involved in MG pathogenesis and various modalities for possible approaches to immunointervention to treat MG.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xiii
Current Concepts on the Structure of Acetylcholine Receptor with Relevance to Myasthenia Gravis and Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis Pathogenesis....Pages 1-19
Tolerance of a Transgenic Self Antigen Expressed in the Thymus: Implication for Myasthenia gravis....Pages 20-27
Low Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Delta-Subunit Message and Protein in Human Thymus Suggests the Occurrence of ‘Triplet Receptors’ in Thymic Myoid Cells....Pages 28-34
Aberrant Encounter of Acetylcholine Receptor-Expressing Cells with the Lymphoid Infiltrates in the Thymus of Myasthenia Gravis Patients....Pages 35-41
Expression of the Acetylcholine Receptor ?-Subunit Gene is Associated with Paraneoplastic Myasthenia Gravis in Mixed Thymoma....Pages 42-50
Abnormal Thymocyte Development and Neurofilament-Reactive Thymocytes in Thymoma....Pages 51-57
Cellular Mechanisms of Target Antigen Attack in Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 58-72
Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor CD4+ T Cells in Myasthenia Gravis: Epitope repertoire and T cell receptor gene usage....Pages 73-93
Molecular Mechanisms of MHC Associations with Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 94-104
Non-MHC Genetic Polymorphisms in Human Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 105-115
Experimental Myasthenia Gravis in Mice: The role of costimulatory molecules....Pages 116-124
Passive Myasthenia Gravis Induced in SCID Mice by Transfer of Blood Cells from Myasthenie Patients....Pages 125-140
Evidence for an Upregulation of Acetylcholine Receptor Messenger Subunits Triggered by Antibody-Mediated Receptor Internalization in Human Myasthenia Gravis Muscles....Pages 141-149
Oral Administration of Peptide T?l46-162 Prevents EAMG in Mice....Pages 150-160
Protective Role of Th2 Cells in Mouse Experimental Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 161-172
Antigen-Specific Therapy of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis: Mucosal tolerance with recombinant fragments of the human acetylcholine receptor....Pages 173-181
Immunomodulation of Myasthenia Gravis Associated Autoimmune Responses by an Altered Peptide Ligand: Mechanisms of action....Pages 182-194
Antigen-Specific Immunointervention in Experimental Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 195-205
Back Matter....Pages 207-208
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