Ebook: Air Pollution in the Ural Mountains: Environmental, Health and Policy Aspects

Mankind has created pollution, and has suffered its consequences since time immemorial. This has intesified greatly since the industrial revolution. One of the main problems in society, and a major function of government is how to cope with this pollution. 80 years ago the maxim used to be "the solution to pollution is dilution"; to dilute any pollted water supply in a large river, or to build a tall chimney stack to dilute air pollutants into the air so that concentrations of pollutants are always low. Since 1950 western countries have gone further and made major attempts to reduce the emissions of the most important pollutants. The discussion of what is an important pollutant has changed. To S02 and heavy metals such as cadmium or arsenic we now add fine particles and even (when we discuss global climate change) C02. The experience and practice of the western countries was only partly followed in the USSR (although the switch from use of coal to natural gas in major cities around 1970 was very important). Since the collapse of the USSR it has become fashionable both in the west and inside Russia to blame all society's ills on pollution. The statistics do not bear out that conclusion, but pollution remains an important issue which can be reduced without significant detriment to other societal values.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xiii
Front Matter....Pages 1-2
Particulate Air Pollution....Pages 3-8
Mining and Environment in the Urals during the 18TH and 19TH Centuries....Pages 9-20
Front Matter....Pages 21-22
Analysis of the Environmental Situation in the Ural Economic Region....Pages 23-29
Pollution Stress of Siberian Forests....Pages 31-54
Dry Deposition of Particles from the Atmosphere....Pages 55-73
Russian Regulatory Diffusion Models: Status, Results of Validation and International Intercomparisons....Pages 75-80
Numerical Simulation Models for Airborne Heavy Metals in Europe: A Review....Pages 81-97
Measurements and Models for Trace Element Input and Time Distribution Recorded in Forest Soil and Bog Ecosystems....Pages 99-114
The Use of Portable Instrumentation for Assessing Environmental Contamination in the Urals Region of Russia....Pages 115-126
Use of Small Mammals for Monitoring Heavy Metal Contamination in the Environment....Pages 127-133
Influence of Air Pollutants in the 7Be Size Distribution of Atmospheric Aerosols....Pages 135-140
Environmental Conditions in the Areas Exposed to Emission from the Gas Processing Industry in South Ural....Pages 141-143
Study of the Environmental Contamination in the Major Industrial Areas of the Urals with Focus on Remediation of Human Health Problems....Pages 145-150
Front Matter....Pages 151-152
Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Health Risks Caused by Air Pollution in Cities of Russia....Pages 153-180
Lead Contamination of Russian Cities: Assessment of Risk to Children’s Health....Pages 181-193
Evaluation of Existing Environmental Information Systems in Russia Applicable for Human Health Effects Assessment....Pages 195-217
Existing Health Information Systems in the Russian Federation and their Use in the Assessment of Environmental Health Effects....Pages 219-229
Assessing Chronic Health Risks from Stationary Source Air Emissions in Volgograd, Russia....Pages 231-237
Public Health Trends in a Transitional Russian City (1959–1994)....Pages 239-240
Contemporary Problems of Ecopathology and Evaluation of Health Risk in Management of Environmental Quality in the Ural Region....Pages 241-250
Front Matter....Pages 151-152
Evaluation of Ecological Pathology for the Tasks of Monitoring and Nature Protection Management....Pages 251-259
Ecopathology of Mercury Pollution....Pages 261-262
Perspectives on United States Methods of Human and Environmental Risk Assessment....Pages 263-275
Prioritizing Environmental Activities in Nizhnii Tagil Based on the Assessment of Human Health Risks Due to Air Contamination....Pages 277-282
Health Effects Associated with Air Pollution in the Ural Mountains....Pages 283-288
Front Matter....Pages 289-290
The Role of Economic Valuation in Decision Making About Air Pollution....Pages 291-305
Optimal Control Applied to Air Pollution....Pages 307-314
Uncertainty Assessment of Biogenic Emissions Estimates and Its Impact on Ozone Attainment Control Strategy Selection....Pages 315-339
Air Pollution Space-Time Analysis....Pages 341-349
Automated Information System for Decision Making Support Designed to Reduce Environmental Consequences of Industrial Accidents....Pages 351-353
Hazard Ranking for Industrial Areas....Pages 355-356
Assessment of Sources of Heavy Metals and SOx Emissions in the Southern Ural Mountains and Recommendations for Emissions Abatement....Pages 357-359
Front Matter....Pages 361-361
The Contamination and Recovery of Natural Ecosystems by Smelting and Mining Activities at Sudbury, Ontario....Pages 363-373
Retrospective Analysis of the Environment and Community Associated with the O’Donnell Roast Bed, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada....Pages 375-381
Heavy Metal Atmospheric Deposition around an Iron Smelter Complex Studied by the Moss Biomonitoring Technique....Pages 383-389
Exposure to Lead and Its Effect on Childrens’ Health in Belovo (Metallurgical Plant)....Pages 391-404
Air Pollution in Poland....Pages 405-406
Atmospheric Pollution in Greece....Pages 407-411
Air Pollution Around the World....Pages 413-416
Front Matter....Pages 417-417
Problems of Radioactive Contamination in the Urals....Pages 419-422
Front Matter....Pages 417-417
Radioactive Contamination of the Techa River....Pages 423-428
Significance of Long Range Atmospheric Transport for Heavy Metal and Radionuclide Contamination of the Terrestrial Environment....Pages 429-434
Epidemiologic Studies on the Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation....Pages 435-439
Radioactive and Trace Elements in the Ural Mountains....Pages 441-444
Back Matter....Pages 445-455

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xiii
Front Matter....Pages 1-2
Particulate Air Pollution....Pages 3-8
Mining and Environment in the Urals during the 18TH and 19TH Centuries....Pages 9-20
Front Matter....Pages 21-22
Analysis of the Environmental Situation in the Ural Economic Region....Pages 23-29
Pollution Stress of Siberian Forests....Pages 31-54
Dry Deposition of Particles from the Atmosphere....Pages 55-73
Russian Regulatory Diffusion Models: Status, Results of Validation and International Intercomparisons....Pages 75-80
Numerical Simulation Models for Airborne Heavy Metals in Europe: A Review....Pages 81-97
Measurements and Models for Trace Element Input and Time Distribution Recorded in Forest Soil and Bog Ecosystems....Pages 99-114
The Use of Portable Instrumentation for Assessing Environmental Contamination in the Urals Region of Russia....Pages 115-126
Use of Small Mammals for Monitoring Heavy Metal Contamination in the Environment....Pages 127-133
Influence of Air Pollutants in the 7Be Size Distribution of Atmospheric Aerosols....Pages 135-140
Environmental Conditions in the Areas Exposed to Emission from the Gas Processing Industry in South Ural....Pages 141-143
Study of the Environmental Contamination in the Major Industrial Areas of the Urals with Focus on Remediation of Human Health Problems....Pages 145-150
Front Matter....Pages 151-152
Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Health Risks Caused by Air Pollution in Cities of Russia....Pages 153-180
Lead Contamination of Russian Cities: Assessment of Risk to Children’s Health....Pages 181-193
Evaluation of Existing Environmental Information Systems in Russia Applicable for Human Health Effects Assessment....Pages 195-217
Existing Health Information Systems in the Russian Federation and their Use in the Assessment of Environmental Health Effects....Pages 219-229
Assessing Chronic Health Risks from Stationary Source Air Emissions in Volgograd, Russia....Pages 231-237
Public Health Trends in a Transitional Russian City (1959–1994)....Pages 239-240
Contemporary Problems of Ecopathology and Evaluation of Health Risk in Management of Environmental Quality in the Ural Region....Pages 241-250
Front Matter....Pages 151-152
Evaluation of Ecological Pathology for the Tasks of Monitoring and Nature Protection Management....Pages 251-259
Ecopathology of Mercury Pollution....Pages 261-262
Perspectives on United States Methods of Human and Environmental Risk Assessment....Pages 263-275
Prioritizing Environmental Activities in Nizhnii Tagil Based on the Assessment of Human Health Risks Due to Air Contamination....Pages 277-282
Health Effects Associated with Air Pollution in the Ural Mountains....Pages 283-288
Front Matter....Pages 289-290
The Role of Economic Valuation in Decision Making About Air Pollution....Pages 291-305
Optimal Control Applied to Air Pollution....Pages 307-314
Uncertainty Assessment of Biogenic Emissions Estimates and Its Impact on Ozone Attainment Control Strategy Selection....Pages 315-339
Air Pollution Space-Time Analysis....Pages 341-349
Automated Information System for Decision Making Support Designed to Reduce Environmental Consequences of Industrial Accidents....Pages 351-353
Hazard Ranking for Industrial Areas....Pages 355-356
Assessment of Sources of Heavy Metals and SOx Emissions in the Southern Ural Mountains and Recommendations for Emissions Abatement....Pages 357-359
Front Matter....Pages 361-361
The Contamination and Recovery of Natural Ecosystems by Smelting and Mining Activities at Sudbury, Ontario....Pages 363-373
Retrospective Analysis of the Environment and Community Associated with the O’Donnell Roast Bed, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada....Pages 375-381
Heavy Metal Atmospheric Deposition around an Iron Smelter Complex Studied by the Moss Biomonitoring Technique....Pages 383-389
Exposure to Lead and Its Effect on Childrens’ Health in Belovo (Metallurgical Plant)....Pages 391-404
Air Pollution in Poland....Pages 405-406
Atmospheric Pollution in Greece....Pages 407-411
Air Pollution Around the World....Pages 413-416
Front Matter....Pages 417-417
Problems of Radioactive Contamination in the Urals....Pages 419-422
Front Matter....Pages 417-417
Radioactive Contamination of the Techa River....Pages 423-428
Significance of Long Range Atmospheric Transport for Heavy Metal and Radionuclide Contamination of the Terrestrial Environment....Pages 429-434
Epidemiologic Studies on the Health Effects of Ionizing Radiation....Pages 435-439
Radioactive and Trace Elements in the Ural Mountains....Pages 441-444
Back Matter....Pages 445-455
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