Ebook: Vertical Food Web Interactions: Evolutionary Patterns and Driving Forces

In the past years, much work has been carried out on either life-history evolu­ tion or structure and function of food webs. However, most studies dealt with only one of these areas and often touched upon the other only marginally. In this volume, we try to synthesize aspects of both disciplines and will concen­ trate on how the interactions between organisms depend on their life-history strategies. Since this is a very comprehensive topic, this volume will focus on vertical interactions to remain within a clearly arranged field. We present some scenaria based on life-history variation of resource and consumer, and show how particular patterns of life-history combinations will lead to particular patterns in trophic relationships. We want to deal with the selective forces underlying these patterns: the degree of specificity of the consumers deter­ mines the dependence on its resource, and its adaptation to the spatial and temporal availability of the resource. In this respect, the spatial structure of the resource and its "quality" may play an important role. The impact of natural enemies is another important selective force which may influence the evolu­ tion of interactions between species and the structure of communities. Here, the acquirement of an enemy-free space may provide selective adavantages. The importance of the impact of enemies is also expressed by the development of numerous and sometimes very subtle defense strategies. This will be dem­ onstrated especially for various aspects of chemical ecology.

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Vertical food web interactions are strongly influenced by the life history of the partners involved. Typical examples are presented for plant-phytophage and host-parasite systems and for multitrophic interactions, as well as for chemoecological aspects of the interactions. This volume brings together theoretical and practical aspects of vertical food web interactions and analyses how particular patterns evolved independently on different trophic levels and in different habitats.

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Vertical food web interactions are strongly influenced by the life history of the partners involved. Typical examples are presented for plant-phytophage and host-parasite systems and for multitrophic interactions, as well as for chemoecological aspects of the interactions. This volume brings together theoretical and practical aspects of vertical food web interactions and analyses how particular patterns evolved independently on different trophic levels and in different habitats.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XXI
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
The Sympatric Origin of Phytophagous Insects....Pages 3-19
Host Race Formation in Tephritis conura: Determinants from Three Trophic Levels....Pages 21-38
Symphagy Among Florivorous Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Southern California....Pages 39-52
Establishment of Urophora cardui (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae), and Colony Development in Relation to Habitat and Parasitoids in Canada....Pages 53-66
Front Matter....Pages 67-67
Host Relationships at Reversed Generation Times: Margaritifera (Bivalvia) and Salmonids....Pages 69-79
The Community Structure of Ticks on Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa....Pages 81-89
The Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases in Daphnia ....Pages 91-111
Front Matter....Pages 113-113
Inter- and Intraspecific Transfer of Toxic Insect Compound Cantharidin....Pages 115-145
Survival in a Hostile Environment. Evaluation of the Developmental Success of the Oligophagous Leaf Beetle Chrysomela vigintipunctata (Scop)....Pages 147-169
Ecdysteroids in Pycnogonids: Hormones and Interspecific Allelochemicals....Pages 171-188
Front Matter....Pages 189-189
Growth and Development in Parasitoid Wasps: Adaptation to Variable Host Resources....Pages 191-203
Patch Quality and Fitness in Predatory Ladybirds....Pages 205-223
Interactions Between Ants and Aphid Parasitoids: Patterns and Consequences for Resource Utilization....Pages 225-240
The Relative Importance of Host Plants, Natural Enemies and Ants in the Evolution of Life-History Characters in Aphids....Pages 241-256
Front Matter....Pages 257-257
Diversities of Aphidopha in Relationship to Local Dynamics of Some Host Alternating Aphid Species....Pages 259-276
Organization Patterns in a Tritrophic Plant-Insect System: Hemipteran Communities in Hedges and Forest Margins....Pages 277-297
Biodiversity in Three Trophic Levels of the Vineyard Agro-Ecosystem in Northern Switzerland....Pages 299-318
Landscape Dynamics, Plant Architecture and Demography, and the Response of Herbivores....Pages 319-333
Front Matter....Pages 335-335
Evolutionary Patterns and Driving Forces in Vertical Food Web Interactions....Pages 337-377
Back Matter....Pages 379-392

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Vertical food web interactions are strongly influenced by the life history of the partners involved. Typical examples are presented for plant-phytophage and host-parasite systems and for multitrophic interactions, as well as for chemoecological aspects of the interactions. This volume brings together theoretical and practical aspects of vertical food web interactions and analyses how particular patterns evolved independently on different trophic levels and in different habitats.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XXI
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
The Sympatric Origin of Phytophagous Insects....Pages 3-19
Host Race Formation in Tephritis conura: Determinants from Three Trophic Levels....Pages 21-38
Symphagy Among Florivorous Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Southern California....Pages 39-52
Establishment of Urophora cardui (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae), and Colony Development in Relation to Habitat and Parasitoids in Canada....Pages 53-66
Front Matter....Pages 67-67
Host Relationships at Reversed Generation Times: Margaritifera (Bivalvia) and Salmonids....Pages 69-79
The Community Structure of Ticks on Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros, in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa....Pages 81-89
The Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases in Daphnia ....Pages 91-111
Front Matter....Pages 113-113
Inter- and Intraspecific Transfer of Toxic Insect Compound Cantharidin....Pages 115-145
Survival in a Hostile Environment. Evaluation of the Developmental Success of the Oligophagous Leaf Beetle Chrysomela vigintipunctata (Scop)....Pages 147-169
Ecdysteroids in Pycnogonids: Hormones and Interspecific Allelochemicals....Pages 171-188
Front Matter....Pages 189-189
Growth and Development in Parasitoid Wasps: Adaptation to Variable Host Resources....Pages 191-203
Patch Quality and Fitness in Predatory Ladybirds....Pages 205-223
Interactions Between Ants and Aphid Parasitoids: Patterns and Consequences for Resource Utilization....Pages 225-240
The Relative Importance of Host Plants, Natural Enemies and Ants in the Evolution of Life-History Characters in Aphids....Pages 241-256
Front Matter....Pages 257-257
Diversities of Aphidopha in Relationship to Local Dynamics of Some Host Alternating Aphid Species....Pages 259-276
Organization Patterns in a Tritrophic Plant-Insect System: Hemipteran Communities in Hedges and Forest Margins....Pages 277-297
Biodiversity in Three Trophic Levels of the Vineyard Agro-Ecosystem in Northern Switzerland....Pages 299-318
Landscape Dynamics, Plant Architecture and Demography, and the Response of Herbivores....Pages 319-333
Front Matter....Pages 335-335
Evolutionary Patterns and Driving Forces in Vertical Food Web Interactions....Pages 337-377
Back Matter....Pages 379-392
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