Ebook: Management of Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the Development of More Productive and Sustainable Agricultural Systems: Extended versions of papers presented at the Symposium on Biological Nitrogen Fixation for Sustainable Agriculture at the 15th Congress

Table 1. Global allocation of arable land between different com­ modities Globally, cereal cropping dominates cultivated land Commodities' Proportion of land area use (around 50% of total area, Table I). The remain­ (%) ing arable land is used for production of oilseed, fibre, or food and cash crops. In addition, vast areas are Cereals maintained under temporary or permanent pasture for Wheat 16 forage production (2-3 fold greater than the total area Rice 10 under cultivation and permanent crop; Table 1, Fig. Maize 9 O. All cultivated crops, except for legumes (pulses All other cereals 13 and legume oilseeds) require the soil to provide rel­ Total 48 atively large amounts of nitrogen (N). It is necessary for the three most important cereals, wheat (Triticum Legumes aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays), Legume pulses 5 1 to take up 20 to 40 kg soil N ha- over a period of 3 Legume oilseeds 6 to 5 months to satisfy the N requirements of the seed and supporting vegetative structure for each tonne of Total II grain produced (e. g. Fig. 2; Myers, 1988). Produc­ tive pastures on the other hand may assimilate> 100 Other crops kg N ha - each annum, of which 50 to 90% will be Other oilseeds 6 consumed by livestock in intensively grazed systems Beverages I Tobacco 7 (Ledgardy, 1991; Thomas, 1995).

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The subsistence agriculture of the pre-chemical era efficiently sustained the nitrogen status of soils by maintaining a balance between N loss and N gain from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF): the microbial conversion of atmospheric N to a form usable by plants. This was possible with less intensive cropping, adaptation of rational crop rotations and intercropping schemes, and the use of legumes as green manure. Modern agriculture concentrates on maximum output, however, overlooking input efficiency; It is not sustainable. Intensive monocropping, with no or inadequate crop rotations or green manuring, together with the excessive use of chemical N fertilizers, results in an imbalance between N gain and N loss. The losses are often larger than the gains, and soil N status declines. The challenge is to sustain soil N fertility in many different tropical and temperate farming systems operating at high productivity levels. This requires judicious integration of BNF components, maintaining a good balance between N losses and gains.
In this book, papers on BNF in crop forage and tree legumes are augmented with discussions of integrated farming systems involving BNF, soil and N management, and recycling of legume residues. BNF by non-legumes are discussed, and attempts to transform cereals into nodulating plants are critically reviewed. Advances in the development of novel methodologies to understand symbiotic relations and to assess N₂ fixation in the field are described, and means are presented to enhance BNF through plant and soil management or breeding and selection. Problems encountered in exploiting BNF under field conditions are examined, as are promising approaches to improving BNF exploitation.

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The subsistence agriculture of the pre-chemical era efficiently sustained the nitrogen status of soils by maintaining a balance between N loss and N gain from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF): the microbial conversion of atmospheric N to a form usable by plants. This was possible with less intensive cropping, adaptation of rational crop rotations and intercropping schemes, and the use of legumes as green manure. Modern agriculture concentrates on maximum output, however, overlooking input efficiency; It is not sustainable. Intensive monocropping, with no or inadequate crop rotations or green manuring, together with the excessive use of chemical N fertilizers, results in an imbalance between N gain and N loss. The losses are often larger than the gains, and soil N status declines. The challenge is to sustain soil N fertility in many different tropical and temperate farming systems operating at high productivity levels. This requires judicious integration of BNF components, maintaining a good balance between N losses and gains.
In this book, papers on BNF in crop forage and tree legumes are augmented with discussions of integrated farming systems involving BNF, soil and N management, and recycling of legume residues. BNF by non-legumes are discussed, and attempts to transform cereals into nodulating plants are critically reviewed. Advances in the development of novel methodologies to understand symbiotic relations and to assess N₂ fixation in the field are described, and means are presented to enhance BNF through plant and soil management or breeding and selection. Problems encountered in exploiting BNF under field conditions are examined, as are promising approaches to improving BNF exploitation.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-vii
Biological nitrogen fixation: An efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production?....Pages 3-28
Sustainable agriculture in the semi-arid tropics through biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes....Pages 29-49
Enhancing crop legume N2 fixation through selection and breeding....Pages 51-82
Enhancing legume N2 fixation through plant and soil management....Pages 83-101
Role of legumes in providing N for sustainable tropical pasture systems....Pages 103-118
Management of biological N2 fixation in alley cropping systems: Estimation and contribution to N balance....Pages 119-141
Manipulation of rhizobia microflora for improving legume productivity and soil fertility: A critical assessment....Pages 143-180
Green manure technology: Potential, usage, and limitations. A case study for lowland rice....Pages 181-194
Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane and rice: Contributions and prospects for improvement....Pages 195-209
Biological N2 fixation by heterotrophic and phototrophic bacteria in association with straw....Pages 211-224
Potential and pitfalls of trying to extend symbiotic interactions of nitrogen-fixing organisms to presently non-nodulated plants, such as rice....Pages 225-240
New techniques for studying competition by Rhizobia and for assessing nitrogen fixation in the field....Pages 241-253
Future benefits from biological nitrogen fixation: An ecological approach to agriculture....Pages 255-277
Research evaluation and impact analysis of biological nitrogen fixation....Pages 279-286
Back Matter....Pages 287-291

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The subsistence agriculture of the pre-chemical era efficiently sustained the nitrogen status of soils by maintaining a balance between N loss and N gain from biological nitrogen fixation (BNF): the microbial conversion of atmospheric N to a form usable by plants. This was possible with less intensive cropping, adaptation of rational crop rotations and intercropping schemes, and the use of legumes as green manure. Modern agriculture concentrates on maximum output, however, overlooking input efficiency; It is not sustainable. Intensive monocropping, with no or inadequate crop rotations or green manuring, together with the excessive use of chemical N fertilizers, results in an imbalance between N gain and N loss. The losses are often larger than the gains, and soil N status declines. The challenge is to sustain soil N fertility in many different tropical and temperate farming systems operating at high productivity levels. This requires judicious integration of BNF components, maintaining a good balance between N losses and gains.
In this book, papers on BNF in crop forage and tree legumes are augmented with discussions of integrated farming systems involving BNF, soil and N management, and recycling of legume residues. BNF by non-legumes are discussed, and attempts to transform cereals into nodulating plants are critically reviewed. Advances in the development of novel methodologies to understand symbiotic relations and to assess N₂ fixation in the field are described, and means are presented to enhance BNF through plant and soil management or breeding and selection. Problems encountered in exploiting BNF under field conditions are examined, as are promising approaches to improving BNF exploitation.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-vii
Biological nitrogen fixation: An efficient source of nitrogen for sustainable agricultural production?....Pages 3-28
Sustainable agriculture in the semi-arid tropics through biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes....Pages 29-49
Enhancing crop legume N2 fixation through selection and breeding....Pages 51-82
Enhancing legume N2 fixation through plant and soil management....Pages 83-101
Role of legumes in providing N for sustainable tropical pasture systems....Pages 103-118
Management of biological N2 fixation in alley cropping systems: Estimation and contribution to N balance....Pages 119-141
Manipulation of rhizobia microflora for improving legume productivity and soil fertility: A critical assessment....Pages 143-180
Green manure technology: Potential, usage, and limitations. A case study for lowland rice....Pages 181-194
Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane and rice: Contributions and prospects for improvement....Pages 195-209
Biological N2 fixation by heterotrophic and phototrophic bacteria in association with straw....Pages 211-224
Potential and pitfalls of trying to extend symbiotic interactions of nitrogen-fixing organisms to presently non-nodulated plants, such as rice....Pages 225-240
New techniques for studying competition by Rhizobia and for assessing nitrogen fixation in the field....Pages 241-253
Future benefits from biological nitrogen fixation: An ecological approach to agriculture....Pages 255-277
Research evaluation and impact analysis of biological nitrogen fixation....Pages 279-286
Back Matter....Pages 287-291
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