Ebook: Coronaviruses: Molecular Biology and Virus-Host Interactions

Coronaviruses represent a major group of viruses of both molecular biological interest and clinical significance in animals and humans. During the past two decades, coronavirus research has been an expanding field and, since 1980, an international symposium was held every 3 years. We organized the yth symposium for providing an opportunity to assess important progresses made since the last symposium in Cambridge (U. K. ) and to suggest areas for future investigations. The symposium, held in September 1992, in Chantilly, France, was attended by 120 participants representing the majOlity of the laboratories engaged in the field. The present volume collects 75 papers which were presented during the yth symposium, thus providing a comprehensive view of the state of the art ofCoronavirology. The book is divided into 7 chapters. The first chapters gather reports dealing with genome organization, gene expression and structure-function relationships of the viral polypeptides. New sequence data about as yet poorly studied coronaviruses - canine coronavirus CCY and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus PEDY - are presented. Increasing efforts appear to be devoted to the characterization of products of unknown function, encoded by various open reading frames present in the coronavirus genomes or delived from the processing of the large polymerase polyprotein. Due to the extreme size of their genome, the genetic engineering ofcoronavi'uses through the production of full length cDNA clones is presently viewed as an unachievahle task.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Sequence Analysis of CCV and its Relationship to FIPV, TGEV and PRCV....Pages 3-9
Genomic Organization and Expression of the 3’ End of the Canine and Feline Enteric Coronaviruses....Pages 11-16
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Spike Gene from Several Feline Coronaviruses....Pages 17-21
Genomic Organisation of a Virulent Taiwanese Strain of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus....Pages 23-28
The Use of PCR Genome Mapping for the Characterisation of TGEV Strains....Pages 29-34
Evolution and Tropism of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus....Pages 35-42
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus: Molecular Characterization of the S Gene Using cDNA Probes and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis....Pages 43-48
Sequence Analysis of the Nucleocapsid Protein Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus....Pages 49-54
Genome Organization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus....Pages 55-60
Characterization of the Nonstructural and Spike Proteins of the Human Respiratory Coronavirus OC43: Comparison with Bovine Enteric Coronavirus....Pages 61-67
Identification, Expression in E. coli and Insect Cells of the Non-Structural Protein NS2 Encoded by mRNA2 of Bovine Coronavirus (BCV)....Pages 69-74
Characterization of the Human Coronavirus 229E (HCV 229E) Gene 1....Pages 75-79
Identification of Coronaviral Conserved Sequences and Application to Viral Genome Amplification....Pages 81-82
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
Studies into the Mechanism for MHV Transcription....Pages 85-90
Analysis of the CIS-Acting Elements of Coronavirus Transcription....Pages 91-97
Control of TGEV mRNA Transcription....Pages 99-104
An Intraleader Open Reading Frame is Selected from a Hypervariable 5’ Terminus during Persistent Infection by the Bovine Coronavirus....Pages 105-109
Effects of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection on Host Cell Metabolism....Pages 111-116
The Effect of Amantadine on Mouse Hepatitis Virus Replication....Pages 117-122
Analysis of Messenger RNA within Virions of IBV....Pages 123-128
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
Inhibition of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Multiplication by Antisense Oligonucleotide, Antisense RNA, Sense RNA and Ribozyme....Pages 129-135
Site-Specific Sequence Repair of Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNA by RNA Recombination and Edited RNA....Pages 137-142
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Genome of Mouse Hepatitis Virus by Targeted RNA Recombination....Pages 143-148
Homologous RNA Recombination Allows Efficient Introduction of Site-Specific Mutations into the Genome of Coronavirus MHV-A59 via Synthetic Co-Replicating RNAs....Pages 149-154
Front Matter....Pages 155-155
Identification of Peplomer Cleavage Site Mutations Arising during Persistence of MHV-A59....Pages 157-163
Proteolytic Cleavage of the Murine Coronavirus Surface Glycoprotein is not Required for Its Fusion Activity....Pages 165-170
Fusogenic Properties of Uncleaved Spike Protein of Murine Coronavirus JHMV....Pages 171-175
Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Resistant Variant of MHV....Pages 177-182
Molecular Mimicry between S Peplomer Proteins of Coronaviruses (MHV, BCV, TGEV and IBV) and Fc Receptor....Pages 183-188
Complex Formation between the Spike Protein and the Membrane Protein during Mouse Hepatitis Virus Assembly....Pages 189-195
Preliminary Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for a Viral 27 kD Glycoprotein Family Synthesized in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Infected Cells....Pages 197-202
Involvement of Lipids in Membrane Binding of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein....Pages 203-208
A Novel Glycoprotein of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Coronavirus Contains a KDEL-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Retention Signal....Pages 209-214
Altered Proteolytic Processing of the Polymerase Polyprotein in RNA(-) Temperature Sensitive Mutants of Murine Coronavirus....Pages 215-219
A Newly Identified MHV-A59 ORF1a Polypeptide p65 is Temperature Sensitive in Two RNA Negative Mutants....Pages 221-226
Proteolytic Processing of the N-terminal Region of the Equine Arteritis Virus Replicase....Pages 227-232
Front Matter....Pages 233-233
The Coronaviruslike Superfamily....Pages 235-244
Equine Arteritis Virus Contains a Unique Set of Four Structural Proteins....Pages 245-253
The Coronaviridae Now Comprises Two Genera, Coronavirus and Torovirus: Report of the Coronaviridae Study Group....Pages 255-257
Front Matter....Pages 259-259
Coronavirus Receptor Specificity....Pages 261-266
Front Matter....Pages 259-259
Expression of MHV-A59 Receptor Glycoproteins in Susceptible and Resistant Strains of Mice....Pages 267-272
Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Utilizes More Than One Receptor and Requires an Additional Cellular Factor....Pages 273-277
Dissemination of MHV4 (Strain JHM) Infection Does Not Require Specific Coronavirus Receptors....Pages 279-284
Virus-Ligand Interactions of OC43 Coronavirus with Cell Membranes....Pages 285-291
Further Characterization of Aminopeptidase-N as a Receptor for Coronaviruses....Pages 293-298
Recognition of N-acetyl-9-O-Acetylneuraminic Acid by Bovine Coronavirus and Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus....Pages 299-304
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Plays a Critical Role for the Haemagglutinating Activity of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus....Pages 305-310
Front Matter....Pages 311-311
Mouse Hepatitis Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Move along Different CNS Pathways....Pages 313-318
MHV-JHM Infections of Rodent Neuronal Cells: Replication and Trafficking of Structural Proteins and Progeny Virions....Pages 319-325
Persistence of Viral RNA in the Central Nervous System of Mice Inoculated with MHV-4....Pages 327-332
The Route of Transmission of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV) 67N Strain in 4-Week-Old Rats....Pages 333-338
Neurotropism of Human Coronavirus 229E....Pages 339-346
Coronavirus JHM OMP1 Pathogenesis in Owl Monkey CNS and Coronavirus Infection of Owl Monkey CNS Via Peripheral Routes....Pages 347-352
Coronaviruses and Multiple Sclerosis....Pages 353-357
Enhancement of FIP in Cats Immunised with Vaccinia Virus Recombinants Expressing CCV and TGEV Spike Glycoproteins....Pages 359-364
Electrocardiographic Changes Following Rabbit Coronavirus-Induced Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy....Pages 365-370
Role of Host Age and Genotype in Murine Enterotropic Coronavirus Infection....Pages 371-376
Role of Macrophage Procoagulant Activity in Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) Infection: Studies Using T Cell MHV-3 Clones and Monoclonal Antibody 3D4.3....Pages 377-384
Early Cellular Events in the Induction of Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV-3) Induced Macrophage Procoagulant Activity (PCA)....Pages 385-388
Regulation of the Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the Putative Adhesion Molecule Basigin on Murine Cerebral Endothelial Cells by MHV-4 (JHM)....Pages 389-391
Front Matter....Pages 311-311
Coronaviruses from Persistent Infected Cell Cultures and Brain Tissue: Molecular Analysis of the S Gene of an Avirulent Variant....Pages 393-394
Characterization of IBV Variant Strain PL 84084 Isolated in France....Pages 395-397
Front Matter....Pages 399-399
Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses Which Express MHV-JHM Proteins: Protective Immune Response and the Influence of Vaccination on Coronavirus-Induced Encephalomyelitis....Pages 401-406
Determination of the Cytotoxic T Cell Epitopes of Mouse Hepatitis Virus, Using Elution of Viral Peptides from Class I MHC Molecules as an Approach....Pages 407-412
Coronavirus Induced Encephalomyelitis: An Immunodominant CD4+ - T Cell Site on the Nucleocapsid Protein Contributes to Protection....Pages 413-418
JHM Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells Derived from the Central Nervous System....Pages 419-423
On the Role of Different Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Course of Coronavirus MHV IV (JHM)-Induced Encephalitis in Lewis Rats....Pages 425-430
Functional Characterization of CD8+ Lymphocytes during Coronavirus MHV IV Induced Encephalitides in Rats....Pages 431-436
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of CD4+ T-Cells Infiltrating the Central Nervous System of Rats Infected with Coronavirus MHV IV....Pages 437-442
Cytokine Induction in Vitro in Mouse Brain Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes by Exposure to Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV-4, JHM)....Pages 443-448
Structural Proteins of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Role in Immunity and Protection....Pages 449-453
Induction of an Immune Response to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Using Vectors with Enteric Tropism....Pages 455-462
An Overview of Successful TGEV Vaccination Strategies and Discussion on the Interrelationship between TGEV and PRCV....Pages 463-468
Construction of a Recombinant Adenovirus for the Expression of the Glycoprotein S Antigen of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus....Pages 469-470
Establishment of MHV-A59 S Protein Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Clones....Pages 471-472
Back Matter....Pages 473-478

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Sequence Analysis of CCV and its Relationship to FIPV, TGEV and PRCV....Pages 3-9
Genomic Organization and Expression of the 3’ End of the Canine and Feline Enteric Coronaviruses....Pages 11-16
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Spike Gene from Several Feline Coronaviruses....Pages 17-21
Genomic Organisation of a Virulent Taiwanese Strain of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus....Pages 23-28
The Use of PCR Genome Mapping for the Characterisation of TGEV Strains....Pages 29-34
Evolution and Tropism of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus....Pages 35-42
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus: Molecular Characterization of the S Gene Using cDNA Probes and Nucleotide Sequence Analysis....Pages 43-48
Sequence Analysis of the Nucleocapsid Protein Gene of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus....Pages 49-54
Genome Organization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus....Pages 55-60
Characterization of the Nonstructural and Spike Proteins of the Human Respiratory Coronavirus OC43: Comparison with Bovine Enteric Coronavirus....Pages 61-67
Identification, Expression in E. coli and Insect Cells of the Non-Structural Protein NS2 Encoded by mRNA2 of Bovine Coronavirus (BCV)....Pages 69-74
Characterization of the Human Coronavirus 229E (HCV 229E) Gene 1....Pages 75-79
Identification of Coronaviral Conserved Sequences and Application to Viral Genome Amplification....Pages 81-82
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
Studies into the Mechanism for MHV Transcription....Pages 85-90
Analysis of the CIS-Acting Elements of Coronavirus Transcription....Pages 91-97
Control of TGEV mRNA Transcription....Pages 99-104
An Intraleader Open Reading Frame is Selected from a Hypervariable 5’ Terminus during Persistent Infection by the Bovine Coronavirus....Pages 105-109
Effects of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection on Host Cell Metabolism....Pages 111-116
The Effect of Amantadine on Mouse Hepatitis Virus Replication....Pages 117-122
Analysis of Messenger RNA within Virions of IBV....Pages 123-128
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
Inhibition of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Multiplication by Antisense Oligonucleotide, Antisense RNA, Sense RNA and Ribozyme....Pages 129-135
Site-Specific Sequence Repair of Coronavirus Defective Interfering RNA by RNA Recombination and Edited RNA....Pages 137-142
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the Genome of Mouse Hepatitis Virus by Targeted RNA Recombination....Pages 143-148
Homologous RNA Recombination Allows Efficient Introduction of Site-Specific Mutations into the Genome of Coronavirus MHV-A59 via Synthetic Co-Replicating RNAs....Pages 149-154
Front Matter....Pages 155-155
Identification of Peplomer Cleavage Site Mutations Arising during Persistence of MHV-A59....Pages 157-163
Proteolytic Cleavage of the Murine Coronavirus Surface Glycoprotein is not Required for Its Fusion Activity....Pages 165-170
Fusogenic Properties of Uncleaved Spike Protein of Murine Coronavirus JHMV....Pages 171-175
Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Resistant Variant of MHV....Pages 177-182
Molecular Mimicry between S Peplomer Proteins of Coronaviruses (MHV, BCV, TGEV and IBV) and Fc Receptor....Pages 183-188
Complex Formation between the Spike Protein and the Membrane Protein during Mouse Hepatitis Virus Assembly....Pages 189-195
Preliminary Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for a Viral 27 kD Glycoprotein Family Synthesized in Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus Infected Cells....Pages 197-202
Involvement of Lipids in Membrane Binding of Mouse Hepatitis Virus Nucleocapsid Protein....Pages 203-208
A Novel Glycoprotein of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Coronavirus Contains a KDEL-like Endoplasmic Reticulum Retention Signal....Pages 209-214
Altered Proteolytic Processing of the Polymerase Polyprotein in RNA(-) Temperature Sensitive Mutants of Murine Coronavirus....Pages 215-219
A Newly Identified MHV-A59 ORF1a Polypeptide p65 is Temperature Sensitive in Two RNA Negative Mutants....Pages 221-226
Proteolytic Processing of the N-terminal Region of the Equine Arteritis Virus Replicase....Pages 227-232
Front Matter....Pages 233-233
The Coronaviruslike Superfamily....Pages 235-244
Equine Arteritis Virus Contains a Unique Set of Four Structural Proteins....Pages 245-253
The Coronaviridae Now Comprises Two Genera, Coronavirus and Torovirus: Report of the Coronaviridae Study Group....Pages 255-257
Front Matter....Pages 259-259
Coronavirus Receptor Specificity....Pages 261-266
Front Matter....Pages 259-259
Expression of MHV-A59 Receptor Glycoproteins in Susceptible and Resistant Strains of Mice....Pages 267-272
Mouse Hepatitis Virus Infection Utilizes More Than One Receptor and Requires an Additional Cellular Factor....Pages 273-277
Dissemination of MHV4 (Strain JHM) Infection Does Not Require Specific Coronavirus Receptors....Pages 279-284
Virus-Ligand Interactions of OC43 Coronavirus with Cell Membranes....Pages 285-291
Further Characterization of Aminopeptidase-N as a Receptor for Coronaviruses....Pages 293-298
Recognition of N-acetyl-9-O-Acetylneuraminic Acid by Bovine Coronavirus and Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus....Pages 299-304
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Plays a Critical Role for the Haemagglutinating Activity of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Porcine Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus....Pages 305-310
Front Matter....Pages 311-311
Mouse Hepatitis Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus Move along Different CNS Pathways....Pages 313-318
MHV-JHM Infections of Rodent Neuronal Cells: Replication and Trafficking of Structural Proteins and Progeny Virions....Pages 319-325
Persistence of Viral RNA in the Central Nervous System of Mice Inoculated with MHV-4....Pages 327-332
The Route of Transmission of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV) 67N Strain in 4-Week-Old Rats....Pages 333-338
Neurotropism of Human Coronavirus 229E....Pages 339-346
Coronavirus JHM OMP1 Pathogenesis in Owl Monkey CNS and Coronavirus Infection of Owl Monkey CNS Via Peripheral Routes....Pages 347-352
Coronaviruses and Multiple Sclerosis....Pages 353-357
Enhancement of FIP in Cats Immunised with Vaccinia Virus Recombinants Expressing CCV and TGEV Spike Glycoproteins....Pages 359-364
Electrocardiographic Changes Following Rabbit Coronavirus-Induced Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy....Pages 365-370
Role of Host Age and Genotype in Murine Enterotropic Coronavirus Infection....Pages 371-376
Role of Macrophage Procoagulant Activity in Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) Infection: Studies Using T Cell MHV-3 Clones and Monoclonal Antibody 3D4.3....Pages 377-384
Early Cellular Events in the Induction of Murine Hepatitis Virus (MHV-3) Induced Macrophage Procoagulant Activity (PCA)....Pages 385-388
Regulation of the Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the Putative Adhesion Molecule Basigin on Murine Cerebral Endothelial Cells by MHV-4 (JHM)....Pages 389-391
Front Matter....Pages 311-311
Coronaviruses from Persistent Infected Cell Cultures and Brain Tissue: Molecular Analysis of the S Gene of an Avirulent Variant....Pages 393-394
Characterization of IBV Variant Strain PL 84084 Isolated in France....Pages 395-397
Front Matter....Pages 399-399
Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses Which Express MHV-JHM Proteins: Protective Immune Response and the Influence of Vaccination on Coronavirus-Induced Encephalomyelitis....Pages 401-406
Determination of the Cytotoxic T Cell Epitopes of Mouse Hepatitis Virus, Using Elution of Viral Peptides from Class I MHC Molecules as an Approach....Pages 407-412
Coronavirus Induced Encephalomyelitis: An Immunodominant CD4+ - T Cell Site on the Nucleocapsid Protein Contributes to Protection....Pages 413-418
JHM Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells Derived from the Central Nervous System....Pages 419-423
On the Role of Different Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Course of Coronavirus MHV IV (JHM)-Induced Encephalitis in Lewis Rats....Pages 425-430
Functional Characterization of CD8+ Lymphocytes during Coronavirus MHV IV Induced Encephalitides in Rats....Pages 431-436
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of CD4+ T-Cells Infiltrating the Central Nervous System of Rats Infected with Coronavirus MHV IV....Pages 437-442
Cytokine Induction in Vitro in Mouse Brain Endothelial Cells and Astrocytes by Exposure to Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV-4, JHM)....Pages 443-448
Structural Proteins of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Role in Immunity and Protection....Pages 449-453
Induction of an Immune Response to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus Using Vectors with Enteric Tropism....Pages 455-462
An Overview of Successful TGEV Vaccination Strategies and Discussion on the Interrelationship between TGEV and PRCV....Pages 463-468
Construction of a Recombinant Adenovirus for the Expression of the Glycoprotein S Antigen of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus....Pages 469-470
Establishment of MHV-A59 S Protein Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Clones....Pages 471-472
Back Matter....Pages 473-478
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