Ebook: Innovations in Antiviral Development and the Detection of Virus Infections

THE ERA OF ANTIVIRALS Introduction Although there are more than one hundred medically useful antibiotics and fungicides, there are only seven compounds licensed for use as antiviral agents, in the USA. Some of these (acyclovir and ganciclovir) are actually derivatives of each other, making the number of new discoveries even smaller. Moreover, most of these agents are of only limited therapeutic value and have substantial toxicity. It has been more than 100 years ago since Pasteur studied rabies virus (2) and Rous (4) showed that a small filterable agent (not bacteria) caused disease (sarcoma) in chickens. It was nearly 100 years ago that yellow fever virus, the first recognized human pathogenic virus, was unambiguously associated with disease (3). Enteroviruses were cultured for the first time nearly 50 years ago (1). Why then has effective chemotherapy against viruses lagged behind that of other microorganisms? Viruses are often difficult to grow and image. However, with the dynamic advances in molecular biology and increased sophistication in tissue culture, the field of virology has blossomed and resulted in improved methods for detection of virus infection. The use of viruses as models of gene regulation and replication has also resulted in a massive accumulation of information.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xvii
Studies of Reovirus Pathogenesis Reveal Potential Sites for Antiviral Intervention....Pages 1-14
Drugs as Molecular Tools....Pages 15-24
Genetically Engineered Bacteria to Identify and Produce Anti-Viral Agents....Pages 25-40
Antiviral Agents from Novel Marine and Terrestrial Sources....Pages 41-60
Virus Receptors: The Achilles’ Heel of Human Rhinoviruses....Pages 61-70
Therapeutic Strategies Employing CD4, the HIV Receptor....Pages 71-81
Molecular Characterization of HIV-2 (ROD) Protease Following PCR Cloning from Virus Infected H9 Cells....Pages 83-88
A Novel, Non-Nucleoside Inhibitor of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (Review)....Pages 89-94
Catalytic Antisense RNA (Ribozymes): Their Potential and Use as ANTI-HIV-1 Therapeutic Agents....Pages 95-109
Therapies for Hepatitis B Virus: Current Status and Future Possibilities....Pages 111-120
A Preliminary Report of a Controlled Study of Thymosin Alpha-1 in the Woodchuck Model of Hepadnavirus Infection....Pages 121-123
Delta Virus as a Vector for the Delivery of Biologically-Active RNAs: Possibly a Ribozyme Specific for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection....Pages 125-128
Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Ribonucleotide Reductase by Synthetic Nonapeptides: A Potential Antiviral Therapy....Pages 129-138
Antiviral Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus Specific Anti-Sense Nucleic Acids....Pages 139-149
Heterogeneity of a Herpes Simplex Virus Clinical Isolate Exhibiting Resistance to Acyclovir and Foscarnet....Pages 151-158
Cellular Metabolism and Enzymatic Phosphorylation of 9- (2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl) Guanine (PMEG),a Potent Antiviral Agent....Pages 159-166
Effect of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection on Cytokine Gene Expression in Activated Murine Peritoneal Macrophages....Pages 167-172
Procedure for Evaluation of Neutralizing Antibody to Cytomegalovirus in Commercial Intravenous Gamma Globulin Preparations....Pages 173-182
Improved Detection of Antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus Using a Second Generation Elisa....Pages 183-189
Diagnostic Virology — Then and Now....Pages 191-199
Back Matter....Pages 211-218
DNA Probes for Viral Diagnosis....Pages 201-209

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xvii
Studies of Reovirus Pathogenesis Reveal Potential Sites for Antiviral Intervention....Pages 1-14
Drugs as Molecular Tools....Pages 15-24
Genetically Engineered Bacteria to Identify and Produce Anti-Viral Agents....Pages 25-40
Antiviral Agents from Novel Marine and Terrestrial Sources....Pages 41-60
Virus Receptors: The Achilles’ Heel of Human Rhinoviruses....Pages 61-70
Therapeutic Strategies Employing CD4, the HIV Receptor....Pages 71-81
Molecular Characterization of HIV-2 (ROD) Protease Following PCR Cloning from Virus Infected H9 Cells....Pages 83-88
A Novel, Non-Nucleoside Inhibitor of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (Review)....Pages 89-94
Catalytic Antisense RNA (Ribozymes): Their Potential and Use as ANTI-HIV-1 Therapeutic Agents....Pages 95-109
Therapies for Hepatitis B Virus: Current Status and Future Possibilities....Pages 111-120
A Preliminary Report of a Controlled Study of Thymosin Alpha-1 in the Woodchuck Model of Hepadnavirus Infection....Pages 121-123
Delta Virus as a Vector for the Delivery of Biologically-Active RNAs: Possibly a Ribozyme Specific for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection....Pages 125-128
Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Ribonucleotide Reductase by Synthetic Nonapeptides: A Potential Antiviral Therapy....Pages 129-138
Antiviral Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus Specific Anti-Sense Nucleic Acids....Pages 139-149
Heterogeneity of a Herpes Simplex Virus Clinical Isolate Exhibiting Resistance to Acyclovir and Foscarnet....Pages 151-158
Cellular Metabolism and Enzymatic Phosphorylation of 9- (2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl) Guanine (PMEG),a Potent Antiviral Agent....Pages 159-166
Effect of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection on Cytokine Gene Expression in Activated Murine Peritoneal Macrophages....Pages 167-172
Procedure for Evaluation of Neutralizing Antibody to Cytomegalovirus in Commercial Intravenous Gamma Globulin Preparations....Pages 173-182
Improved Detection of Antibodies to Hepatitis C Virus Using a Second Generation Elisa....Pages 183-189
Diagnostic Virology — Then and Now....Pages 191-199
Back Matter....Pages 211-218
DNA Probes for Viral Diagnosis....Pages 201-209
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