Ebook: Numerical Taxonomy

The NATO Advanced Study Institute on Numerical Taxonomy took place on the 4th - 16th of July, 1982, at the Kur- und Kongresshotel Residenz in Bad Windsheim, Federal Republic of Germany. This volume is the proceedings of that meeting, and contains papers by over two-thirds of the participants in the Institute. Numerical taxonomy has been attracting increased attention from systematists and evolutionary biologists. It is an area which has been marked by debate and conflict, sometimes bitter. Happily, this meeting took place in an atmosphere of "GemUtlichkeit", though scarcely of unanimity. I believe that these papers will show that there is an increased understanding by each taxonomic school of each others' positions. This augurs a period in which the debates become more concrete and specific. Let us hope that they take place in a scientific atmosphere which has occasionally been lacking in the past. Since the order of presentation of papers in the meeting was affected by time constraints, I have taken the liberty of rearranging them into a more coherent subject ordering. The first group of papers, taken from the opening and closing days of the meeting, debate philosophies of classification. The next two sections have papers on congruence, clustering and ordination. A notable concern of these participants is the comparison and testing of classifications. This has been missing from many previous discussions of numerical classification.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-X
The Significance of Phylogenetic Classifications for Systematic and Evolutionary Biology....Pages 1-17
The Value of Natural Classification....Pages 18-21
Philosophy and Method in Biological Classification....Pages 22-37
The Phenetics-Cladistics Controversy: A Personal View....Pages 38-41
Parsimony and Paraphyly....Pages 42-46
The Future of Numerical Methods in Plant Systematics: A Personal Prospect....Pages 47-52
A Practical View of Numerical Taxonomy or should I be a Pheneticist or a Cladist?....Pages 53-71
Taxa, Taxonomists, and Taxonomy....Pages 72-75
Taxonomic Congruence in the Caminalcules....Pages 76-81
Taxonomic Congruence — A Reanalysis....Pages 82-86
A Simulation Model for Comparing Numerical Taxonomic Methods....Pages 87-91
Taxonomic Congruence: A Brief Discussion....Pages 92-96
Algorithms Optimizing the Taxonomic Information of Classifications....Pages 97-101
Prediction = Parsimony or Partitions?....Pages 102-106
Information Content and Most Parsimonious Trees....Pages 107-111
Numerical Taxonomic Evaluation of the Taxonomic Value of Character Suites in Tillandsia L....Pages 112-116
Instability and Incongruence in the Brooms and Gorses (Leguminosae Subtribe Genistinae)....Pages 117-121
A View of Some Consensus Methods for Trees....Pages 122-126
Distributions of Distances between Pairs of Classifications....Pages 127-131
Sampling Distribution of Consensus Indices when All Bifurcating Trees are Equally Likely....Pages 132-136
Comparing Classifications....Pages 137-155
Cluster Validity by Concurrent Chaining....Pages 156-166
Characteristics of Four External Criterion Measures....Pages 167-173
Comparison of Classifications with the Data from which they are Derived....Pages 174-178
Sur la Signification des Classes Issues D’une Classification Automatique de Donnees....Pages 179-198
Significance Tests for Clusters: Overview and Comments....Pages 199-208
Inference Procedures for the Evaluation and Comparison of Proximity Matrices....Pages 209-228
Representing Proximities Data by Discrete, Continuous or “Hybrid” Models....Pages 229-248
Hierarchical Cluster Methods as Maximum Likelihood Estimators....Pages 249-253
The Occurrence of Multiple UPGMA Phenograms....Pages 254-258
Wagner Trees in Theory & Practice....Pages 259-278
The Causes of Character Incompatibility....Pages 279-295
The Uniquely Derived Concept as a Basis for Character Compatibility Analyses....Pages 296-303
Theoretical and Computational Considerations of the Compatibility of Qualitative Taxonomic Characters....Pages 304-314
Methods for Inferring Phylogenies: A Statistical View....Pages 315-334
A Divisive Algorithm for Estimating Parsimonious Trees....Pages 335-339
Relationships between Transformation Series and Some Numerical Cladistic Methods at the Infraspecific Level, when Genealogies are Known....Pages 340-345
Some Genetic Aspects of Morphometric Variation....Pages 346-363
Choice of Descriptors in Numerical Taxonomy for Static and Dynamic Shape Analysis and Recognition in Biology....Pages 364-377
A New Coding Procedure for Morphometric Data with an Example from Periodical Cicada Wing Veins....Pages 378-382
A Quick Method for Making Multistate Characters out of Continuous Measurements....Pages 383-383
Analyzing Character Variation in Geographic Space....Pages 384-403
A Review of the Numerical Methods for Recognising and Analysing Racial Differentiation....Pages 404-423
Testing Causal Hypotheses in the Study of Geographical Variation....Pages 424-443
Geographic Variation in Human Gene Frequencies....Pages 444-450
Treeness Tests and the Problem of Variable Evolutionary Rates....Pages 451-463
Phylogenetic Analysis of Range Expansion in the Grass Snake: Reticulate Evolution: Primary and Secondary Contact Zones....Pages 464-468
Correspondence between Geographic Proximity and Phenetic Similarity among Pinus Brutia Ten. Populations in Southern Turkey....Pages 469-473
Geographic Distribution, Polyploidy and Pattern of Flavonoids in Phragmites Australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud....Pages 474-478
Molecular Evolution of Mammalian Pancreatic Ribonucleases....Pages 479-483
Quantitative Comparison of Protein Chain Folds....Pages 484-488
An Approach to the Taxonomy of Malaria Parasites on the Basis of Protein Structures: Adenylate Kinase and Glutathione Reductase as Examples....Pages 489-489
Evolutionary Relations of Sulfate Reducers....Pages 490-494
Methods of Flavonoid Data Analysis....Pages 495-499
Phylogeny of Euphorbia Interpreted from Sterol Composition of Latex....Pages 500-504
Numerical Ecology: Developments and Recent Trends....Pages 505-523
Evolutionary Trees and Numerical Taxonomy in Studies of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae)....Pages 524-526
Application of Numerical Techniques to the Systematics of Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae)....Pages 527-531
A Chromosome Inversion Pathway for Some Chironomus Species and Two New Techniques for Analyzing Similarity Functions....Pages 532-535
Multivariate Analysis of Variability Associated with Source of Origin in the Bacterium Simonsiella....Pages 536-537
Reflections on the Classifications of Yponomeuta (Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera) and Numerical Taxonomic Procedure....Pages 538-542
A Phenetic Study of the Genus Xylocopa (Hym.-Apoidea)....Pages 543-546
Numerical Taxonomy of the Genus Chaetomium Kze....Pages 547-551
A Numerical Taxonomic Study on Carthamus L. Taxa in Turkey....Pages 552-556
Multivariate Analysis of the Polyploid Complex Valeriana Officinalis....Pages 557-561
Application of Numerical Taxonomic Techniques in the Study of Behavior....Pages 562-581
Numerical Taxonomy of Some Portuguese Wines....Pages 582-582
Image Analysis....Pages 583-599
Computers in Systematics: One Perspective....Pages 600-619
Automated Measurement with Portable Microcomputers....Pages 620-624
The Vicieae Database Project: Experimental Uses of a Monographic Taxonomic Database for Species of Vetch and Pea....Pages 625-629
Back Matter....Pages 630-644

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-X
The Significance of Phylogenetic Classifications for Systematic and Evolutionary Biology....Pages 1-17
The Value of Natural Classification....Pages 18-21
Philosophy and Method in Biological Classification....Pages 22-37
The Phenetics-Cladistics Controversy: A Personal View....Pages 38-41
Parsimony and Paraphyly....Pages 42-46
The Future of Numerical Methods in Plant Systematics: A Personal Prospect....Pages 47-52
A Practical View of Numerical Taxonomy or should I be a Pheneticist or a Cladist?....Pages 53-71
Taxa, Taxonomists, and Taxonomy....Pages 72-75
Taxonomic Congruence in the Caminalcules....Pages 76-81
Taxonomic Congruence — A Reanalysis....Pages 82-86
A Simulation Model for Comparing Numerical Taxonomic Methods....Pages 87-91
Taxonomic Congruence: A Brief Discussion....Pages 92-96
Algorithms Optimizing the Taxonomic Information of Classifications....Pages 97-101
Prediction = Parsimony or Partitions?....Pages 102-106
Information Content and Most Parsimonious Trees....Pages 107-111
Numerical Taxonomic Evaluation of the Taxonomic Value of Character Suites in Tillandsia L....Pages 112-116
Instability and Incongruence in the Brooms and Gorses (Leguminosae Subtribe Genistinae)....Pages 117-121
A View of Some Consensus Methods for Trees....Pages 122-126
Distributions of Distances between Pairs of Classifications....Pages 127-131
Sampling Distribution of Consensus Indices when All Bifurcating Trees are Equally Likely....Pages 132-136
Comparing Classifications....Pages 137-155
Cluster Validity by Concurrent Chaining....Pages 156-166
Characteristics of Four External Criterion Measures....Pages 167-173
Comparison of Classifications with the Data from which they are Derived....Pages 174-178
Sur la Signification des Classes Issues D’une Classification Automatique de Donnees....Pages 179-198
Significance Tests for Clusters: Overview and Comments....Pages 199-208
Inference Procedures for the Evaluation and Comparison of Proximity Matrices....Pages 209-228
Representing Proximities Data by Discrete, Continuous or “Hybrid” Models....Pages 229-248
Hierarchical Cluster Methods as Maximum Likelihood Estimators....Pages 249-253
The Occurrence of Multiple UPGMA Phenograms....Pages 254-258
Wagner Trees in Theory & Practice....Pages 259-278
The Causes of Character Incompatibility....Pages 279-295
The Uniquely Derived Concept as a Basis for Character Compatibility Analyses....Pages 296-303
Theoretical and Computational Considerations of the Compatibility of Qualitative Taxonomic Characters....Pages 304-314
Methods for Inferring Phylogenies: A Statistical View....Pages 315-334
A Divisive Algorithm for Estimating Parsimonious Trees....Pages 335-339
Relationships between Transformation Series and Some Numerical Cladistic Methods at the Infraspecific Level, when Genealogies are Known....Pages 340-345
Some Genetic Aspects of Morphometric Variation....Pages 346-363
Choice of Descriptors in Numerical Taxonomy for Static and Dynamic Shape Analysis and Recognition in Biology....Pages 364-377
A New Coding Procedure for Morphometric Data with an Example from Periodical Cicada Wing Veins....Pages 378-382
A Quick Method for Making Multistate Characters out of Continuous Measurements....Pages 383-383
Analyzing Character Variation in Geographic Space....Pages 384-403
A Review of the Numerical Methods for Recognising and Analysing Racial Differentiation....Pages 404-423
Testing Causal Hypotheses in the Study of Geographical Variation....Pages 424-443
Geographic Variation in Human Gene Frequencies....Pages 444-450
Treeness Tests and the Problem of Variable Evolutionary Rates....Pages 451-463
Phylogenetic Analysis of Range Expansion in the Grass Snake: Reticulate Evolution: Primary and Secondary Contact Zones....Pages 464-468
Correspondence between Geographic Proximity and Phenetic Similarity among Pinus Brutia Ten. Populations in Southern Turkey....Pages 469-473
Geographic Distribution, Polyploidy and Pattern of Flavonoids in Phragmites Australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud....Pages 474-478
Molecular Evolution of Mammalian Pancreatic Ribonucleases....Pages 479-483
Quantitative Comparison of Protein Chain Folds....Pages 484-488
An Approach to the Taxonomy of Malaria Parasites on the Basis of Protein Structures: Adenylate Kinase and Glutathione Reductase as Examples....Pages 489-489
Evolutionary Relations of Sulfate Reducers....Pages 490-494
Methods of Flavonoid Data Analysis....Pages 495-499
Phylogeny of Euphorbia Interpreted from Sterol Composition of Latex....Pages 500-504
Numerical Ecology: Developments and Recent Trends....Pages 505-523
Evolutionary Trees and Numerical Taxonomy in Studies of Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae)....Pages 524-526
Application of Numerical Techniques to the Systematics of Toxorhynchites (Diptera: Culicidae)....Pages 527-531
A Chromosome Inversion Pathway for Some Chironomus Species and Two New Techniques for Analyzing Similarity Functions....Pages 532-535
Multivariate Analysis of Variability Associated with Source of Origin in the Bacterium Simonsiella....Pages 536-537
Reflections on the Classifications of Yponomeuta (Yponomeutidae, Lepidoptera) and Numerical Taxonomic Procedure....Pages 538-542
A Phenetic Study of the Genus Xylocopa (Hym.-Apoidea)....Pages 543-546
Numerical Taxonomy of the Genus Chaetomium Kze....Pages 547-551
A Numerical Taxonomic Study on Carthamus L. Taxa in Turkey....Pages 552-556
Multivariate Analysis of the Polyploid Complex Valeriana Officinalis....Pages 557-561
Application of Numerical Taxonomic Techniques in the Study of Behavior....Pages 562-581
Numerical Taxonomy of Some Portuguese Wines....Pages 582-582
Image Analysis....Pages 583-599
Computers in Systematics: One Perspective....Pages 600-619
Automated Measurement with Portable Microcomputers....Pages 620-624
The Vicieae Database Project: Experimental Uses of a Monographic Taxonomic Database for Species of Vetch and Pea....Pages 625-629
Back Matter....Pages 630-644
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