Ebook: Animal Sonar Systems

Thirteen years have gone by since the first international meet­ ing on Animal Sonar Systems was held in Frascati, Italy, in 1966. Since that time, almost 900 papers have been published on its theme. The first symposium was vital as it was the starting point for new research lines whose goal was to design and develop technological systems with properties approaching optimal biological systems. There have been highly significant developments since then in all domains related to biological sonar systems and in their appli­ cations to the engineering field. The time had therefore come for a multidisciplinary integration of the information gathered, not only on the evolution of systems used in animal echolocation, but on systems theory, behavior and neurobiology, signal-to-noise ratio, masking, signal processing, and measures observed in certain species against animal sonar systems. Modern electronics technology and systems theory which have been developed only since 1974 now allow designing sophisticated sonar and radar systems applying principles derived from biological systems. At the time of the Frascati meeting, integrated circuits and technol­ ogies exploiting computer science were not well enough developed to yield advantages now possible through use of real-time analysis, leading to, among other things, a definition of target temporal char­ acteristics, as biological sonar systems are able to do. All of these new technical developments necessitate close co­ operation between engineers and biologists within the framework of new experiments which have been designed, particularly in the past five years.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xxiv
The Early History of Research on Echolocation....Pages 1-8
Front Matter....Pages 9-9
Behavioral Methodology in Echolocation by Marine Mammals....Pages 11-41
Detection Range and Range Resolution of Echolocating Bottlenose Porpoise (Tursiops truncatus)....Pages 43-70
Odontocete Echolocation Performance on Object Size, Shape and Material....Pages 71-95
Cetacean Obstacle Avoidance....Pages 97-108
Performance of Airborne Animal Sonar Systems: I. Microchiroptera....Pages 109-181
Performance of Airborne Biosonar Systems: II. Vertebrates Other than Microchiroptera....Pages 183-195
Front Matter....Pages 197-197
Functional and Descriptive Anatomy of the Bottlenosed Dolphin Nasolaryngeal System with Special Reference to the Musculature Associated with Sound Production....Pages 199-238
Electromyographic and Pressure Events in the Nasolaryngeal System of Dolphins during Sound Production....Pages 239-249
Echolocation Signals of the Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) in Open Waters....Pages 251-282
Acoustics and the Behavior of Sperm Whales....Pages 283-290
Click Sounds from Animals at Sea....Pages 291-297
Signal Characteristics for Target Localization and Discrimination....Pages 299-308
Echolocation Signals and Echoes in Air....Pages 309-353
Echolocation Ontogeny in Bats....Pages 355-377
Front Matter....Pages 379-379
Adaptiveness and Ecology of Echolocation in Toothed Whales....Pages 381-425
Adaptiveness and Ecology of Echolocation in Terrestrial (Aerial) Systems....Pages 427-446
Front Matter....Pages 447-447
Sound Reception in the Porpoise as it Relates to Echolocation....Pages 449-467
Behavioral Measures of Odontocete Hearing....Pages 469-481
Electrophysiological Experiments on Hearing in Odontocetes....Pages 483-493
Front Matter....Pages 447-447
Peripheral Sound Processing in Odontocetes....Pages 495-509
Cetacean Brain Research: Need for New Directions....Pages 511-514
Important Areas for Future Cetacean Auditory Study....Pages 515-518
Auditory Processing of Echoes: Peripheral Processing....Pages 519-548
Organizational and Encoding Features of Single Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of Bats....Pages 549-587
Auditory Processing of Echoes: Representation of Acoustic Information from the Environment in the Bat Cerebral Cortex....Pages 589-611
Front Matter....Pages 613-613
Models of Cetacean Signal Processing....Pages 615-623
Models for Echolocation....Pages 625-671
Energy Spectrum Analysis in Echolocation....Pages 673-693
The Processing of Sonar Echoes by Bats....Pages 695-714
Signal Processing and Design Related to Bat Sonar Systems....Pages 715-729
Models of Spatial Information Processing in Biosonar Systems and Methods Suggested to Validate Them....Pages 731-745
A New Concept of Echo Evaluation in the Auditory System of Bats....Pages 747-761
Front Matter....Pages 763-763
Sensing System Design Using Knowledge of Animal Acoustic Systems....Pages 765-768
Air Sonars with Acoustical Display of Spatial Information....Pages 769-816
Discrimination of Complex Information in an Artificially Generated Auditory Space Using New Auditory Sensations....Pages 817-843
Front Matter....Pages 845-845
The Role of Cranial Structures in Odontocete Sonar Signal Emission....Pages 847-849
Binaural Estimation of Cross-Range Velocity and Optimum Escape Maneuvers by Moths....Pages 851-852
Dolphin Whistles as Velocity-Sensitive Sonar/Navigation Signals....Pages 853-854
Front Matter....Pages 855-858
Frequency Selectivity of Constant Latency Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of Mexican Free-Tailed Bats....Pages 845-845
Structural Adaptation in the Cochlea of the Horseshoe Bat for the Analysis of Long CF-FM Echolocating Signals....Pages 859-862
Similarities in Design Features of Orientation Sounds Used by Simpler, Nonaquatic Echolocators....Pages 863-865
Rat Echolocation: Correlations between Object Detection and Click Production....Pages 867-869
Signal Design for Matched Filter Detection in a Reverberation-Limited Environment: Application to Cetacean Echolocation Signals....Pages 871-874
Variations in the Characteristics of Pulse Emissions of a Tursiops truncatus During the Approach Process and the Acoustic Identification of Different Polygonal Shapes....Pages 875-877
Hunting Strategies and Echolocating Performance of Bats — Quantitative Behavioral Laboratory Analysis....Pages 879-879
Low-Frequency Receiver of the Middle Ear in Mysticetes and Odontocetes....Pages 881-884
Morphological Adaptations of the Sound Conducting Apparatus in Echolocating Mammals....Pages 885-887
Echolocation Signal Design as a Potential Counter-Countermeasure Against Moth Audition....Pages 889-890
Vocalizations of Malaysian Bats (Microchiroptera and Megachiroptera)....Pages 891-893
A Reconstructing Technique for the Nasal Air Sacs System in Toothed Whales....Pages 895-898
An Analogue Device for the Generation of Sonar Ambiguity Diagrams....Pages 899-900
Echolocation and Behavior....Pages 901-904
The Function of Lateral Inhibition in the Recognition of Frequency Spectra....Pages 905-908
Front Matter....Pages 909-911
Dolphin Air Sac Motion Measurements During Vocalization by Two Noninvasive Ultrasonic Methods....Pages 913-916
A Theory of the Spermaceti Organ in Sperm Whale Sound Production....Pages 917-919
How the Green Lacewing Avoids Bats: Behavior and Physiology....Pages 921-923
Cylinder and Cube Shape Discrimination by an Echolocating Blindfolded Bottlenosed Dolphin....Pages 925-927
“Range” Information Processing at the Highest Levels of the Auditory System....Pages 929-932
Correlation Analysis of Echolocation Pulses....Pages 845-845
Grey Seal, Halichoerus: Echolocation Not Demonstrated....Pages 933-935
The Role of the Anterior and Posterior Cricothyroid Muscles in the Production of Echolocative Pulses by Mormoopidae....Pages 937-940
Single Unit Responses to Frequency-Modulated Sounds and Signal-Noise Combinations. A Comparative Study of the Inferior Colliculus of Molossid Bats....Pages 941-943
Back Matter....Pages 945-947
General Bibliography....Pages 949-951
....Pages 953-955