Ebook: Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities

The growing perception of the public and politicians that life is extremely risky has led to a dramatic and increasing interest in risk analysis. The risks may be very diverse­ as demonstrated by the range of subjects covered at the annual meetings of the Society for Risk Analysis. There is a need to pause and see how well the present approaches are serving the nation. The theme, "Setting National Priorities," which was chosen for the 1987 SRA Annual Meeting, reflects the concern that in dealing with individual kinds of risks, society may be more concerned with the trees than the forest. It is surprising how little attention is being given to the holistic aspects of risk. Who, for instance, is responsible for a national strategy to manage the reduction of health or other risks? Individual agencies have the responsibility for specific patterns of exposure, but these are not integrated and balanced to determine how the nation as a whole can obtain the greatest benefit for the very large investment which is made in risk-related research and analysis.

---

---

Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Science and Sociology: The Transition to a Post-Conservative Risk Assessment Era....Pages 1-11
The Use of Focus Groups in Risk Communication....Pages 13-24
Development of Cleanup Criteria for the Port Hope Remedial Program....Pages 25-41
Combining Physiology, Carcinogenic Mechanism, and Interindividual Variation in Cancer Dose-Response Extrapolations....Pages 43-58
On Basing Extrapolation of Risk for a Chemical Carcinogen on Total Dose (Constant Dose Rate ? Continuous Exposure Duration): Implications and an Extension....Pages 59-66
The Approach to Risk Analysis in Three Industries: Nuclear Power, Space Systems, and Chemical Process....Pages 67-74
An Epidemiologic Approach to Dealing With Multimedia Exposure to Multiple Related Chemicals....Pages 75-81
Incorporating Risk Into the Development of Soil Cleanup Guidelines for Trace Organic Compounds....Pages 83-95
Quantifying and Comparing the Benefits of Risk Reduction Programs to Prioritize Expenditures....Pages 97-109
Assessment of Risk from Short-Term Exposures....Pages 111-118
Societal Risk from a Thermodynamic Perspective....Pages 119-134
Risk in Defense Policy Decisions....Pages 135-149
The Strategic Defense Initiative and Nuclear Proliferation from a Risk Analysis Perspective....Pages 151-158
The Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System....Pages 159-164
Air Emission Risk Assessment Sensitivity Analysis for a Coal-Fired Power Plant....Pages 165-174
A Systematic Approach for Environmental Risk Assessment....Pages 175-181
The Use of Risk Index Systems to Evaluate Risk....Pages 183-193
Probabilistic Seismic Risk to Non-Nuclear Facilities....Pages 195-203
Catastrophic Damage from Dam-Break Floods....Pages 205-212
Risk Reduction Strategies for Setting Remedial Priorities: Hazardous Waste....Pages 213-218
Educating the Public About Toxicological Risk....Pages 219-222
Upper-Bound Estimates of Carcinogenic Risk: More Policy Than Science....Pages 223-230
Risk Communication: The Need for Incentives....Pages 231-239
An International Approach to Health, Safety and Environmental Risk Management for a Diversified Corporation....Pages 241-249
Risk Perception of Technologies: The Perspective of Similar Groups in Portugal and the United States....Pages 251-258
Policy Lessons from Risk Communications Practice....Pages 259-262
History of the Impurities Policy: Risk Assessment for Food and Color Additives....Pages 263-270
Establishing a Threshold of Regulation....Pages 271-278
The Use of Pharmacokinetics in Food Safety Evaluation....Pages 279-285
Consideration of Cell Proliferation and Adduct Formation as Parameters Affecting Risk Outcome....Pages 287-295
Global Risk Assessment....Pages 297-306
Cost Benefit and Environmental Risk Aspects in the Context of European Air Pollution Control Strategies....Pages 307-315
Health Effects of Occupational Exposures of Welders: Multicenter Study Using a Uniform Core Protocol....Pages 317-320
Comparative Risk Assessment of Transportation of Hazardous Materials in Urban Areas....Pages 321-332
Drinking-Age Laws: An Evaluation Synthesis of Their Impact on Highway Safety....Pages 333-340
Fatality Incidence Stratified by Driver Behavior: An Exploratory Analysis with FARS Data....Pages 341-351
An Assessment of the Risks of Stratospheric Modification....Pages 353-356
Quality Assurance in Risk Models for Regulatory Decision Making....Pages 357-370
Risk Assessment Issues in Implementing Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Legislation....Pages 371-378
System Unavailability Monitoring Study....Pages 379-385
The Influence of the Climate of Risk Perception on the Process of Risk Management: Quantification, Evaluation Decision Making....Pages 387-390
The Nation-State in Societal Evaluation of Risk: Ambiguity Meets Reality....Pages 391-398
Setting Risk Priorities in Environmental Policy: The Role of Women....Pages 399-409
Comparison of Tumor Incidence for Short-Term and Lifetime Exposure....Pages 411-415
Benzene and Leukemia: What Are the Risks and What Do the Data Reveal?....Pages 417-430
Analysis of Individual Risk Belief Structures....Pages 431-441
Sources of Common Cause Failures in Decision Making Involved in Man-Made Catastrophes....Pages 443-454
Game Strategic Behavior Under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty....Pages 455-461
Conventional Wisdom on Risk Communication and Evidence from a Field Experiment....Pages 463-472
Managing Uncertain Risks Through “Intelligent” Classification: A Combined Artificial Intelligence/Decision-Analytic Approach....Pages 473-482
Managing Fire Safety Problems Through Decision Analysis to Evaluate Fire Safety Hazards....Pages 483-494
Can Risk Assessment and Risk Prioritization Be Extricated from Risk Management?....Pages 495-500
Application of Risk Assessment Principles in Environmental Epidemiology....Pages 501-507
A Comparison of the Remedial Priorities Determined Using More Likely Case and Worst Case Risk Estimates....Pages 509-515
Cancer Incidence Among Welders Due to Combined Exposures to ELF and Welding Fumes: A Study in Data Pooling....Pages 517-527
Role of Risk Assessment in New Hampshire State Government....Pages 529-534
A Method for Estimation of Fish Contamination from Dioxins and Furans Emitted by Resource Recovery Facilities....Pages 535-538
The Importance of the Hazard Identification Phase of Health Risk Assessments: Illustrated with Antimony Emissions from Waste Incineration Facilities....Pages 539-543
The Utility of a National Food Survey in Assessing Dietary Risk and Exposure....Pages 545-549
The Carcinogenic Risk of Some Organic Vapors Indoors: A Theoretical Survey....Pages 551-561
Risk Assessment and National Standards: Philosophical Problems Arising from the Normalization of Risk....Pages 563-571
The Use of Pharmacokinetic Models in the Determination of Risks for Regulatory Purposes....Pages 573-583
Ethylene Oxide Residues on Sterilized Medical Devices....Pages 585-592
Tetrachloroethylene Metabolism Resulting from Domestic Respiratory Exposure: Pharmacokinetic Considerations Relevant to Risk Assessment....Pages 593-608
The Role of Speciation and Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment....Pages 609-615
Assessing Risks of Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides....Pages 617-623
Nuclear Power Safety Goals in Light of the Chernobyl Accident....Pages 625-632
PRA-Based Inspection for Oconee Unit 3....Pages 633-641
Environmental Radiation Standards and Risk Limitation....Pages 643-650
The Anatomy of Safety Evaluations....Pages 651-656
The Impact of Non-Drinking Water Exposures on Drinking Water Standards: A Problem of Acceptable Levels of Risk....Pages 657-663
Estimating Exposures and Health Risks for Alternative Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards....Pages 665-674
The Definition of Risk and Associated Terminology for Risk Analysis....Pages 675-680
Back Matter....Pages 681-686

---

Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Science and Sociology: The Transition to a Post-Conservative Risk Assessment Era....Pages 1-11
The Use of Focus Groups in Risk Communication....Pages 13-24
Development of Cleanup Criteria for the Port Hope Remedial Program....Pages 25-41
Combining Physiology, Carcinogenic Mechanism, and Interindividual Variation in Cancer Dose-Response Extrapolations....Pages 43-58
On Basing Extrapolation of Risk for a Chemical Carcinogen on Total Dose (Constant Dose Rate ? Continuous Exposure Duration): Implications and an Extension....Pages 59-66
The Approach to Risk Analysis in Three Industries: Nuclear Power, Space Systems, and Chemical Process....Pages 67-74
An Epidemiologic Approach to Dealing With Multimedia Exposure to Multiple Related Chemicals....Pages 75-81
Incorporating Risk Into the Development of Soil Cleanup Guidelines for Trace Organic Compounds....Pages 83-95
Quantifying and Comparing the Benefits of Risk Reduction Programs to Prioritize Expenditures....Pages 97-109
Assessment of Risk from Short-Term Exposures....Pages 111-118
Societal Risk from a Thermodynamic Perspective....Pages 119-134
Risk in Defense Policy Decisions....Pages 135-149
The Strategic Defense Initiative and Nuclear Proliferation from a Risk Analysis Perspective....Pages 151-158
The Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System....Pages 159-164
Air Emission Risk Assessment Sensitivity Analysis for a Coal-Fired Power Plant....Pages 165-174
A Systematic Approach for Environmental Risk Assessment....Pages 175-181
The Use of Risk Index Systems to Evaluate Risk....Pages 183-193
Probabilistic Seismic Risk to Non-Nuclear Facilities....Pages 195-203
Catastrophic Damage from Dam-Break Floods....Pages 205-212
Risk Reduction Strategies for Setting Remedial Priorities: Hazardous Waste....Pages 213-218
Educating the Public About Toxicological Risk....Pages 219-222
Upper-Bound Estimates of Carcinogenic Risk: More Policy Than Science....Pages 223-230
Risk Communication: The Need for Incentives....Pages 231-239
An International Approach to Health, Safety and Environmental Risk Management for a Diversified Corporation....Pages 241-249
Risk Perception of Technologies: The Perspective of Similar Groups in Portugal and the United States....Pages 251-258
Policy Lessons from Risk Communications Practice....Pages 259-262
History of the Impurities Policy: Risk Assessment for Food and Color Additives....Pages 263-270
Establishing a Threshold of Regulation....Pages 271-278
The Use of Pharmacokinetics in Food Safety Evaluation....Pages 279-285
Consideration of Cell Proliferation and Adduct Formation as Parameters Affecting Risk Outcome....Pages 287-295
Global Risk Assessment....Pages 297-306
Cost Benefit and Environmental Risk Aspects in the Context of European Air Pollution Control Strategies....Pages 307-315
Health Effects of Occupational Exposures of Welders: Multicenter Study Using a Uniform Core Protocol....Pages 317-320
Comparative Risk Assessment of Transportation of Hazardous Materials in Urban Areas....Pages 321-332
Drinking-Age Laws: An Evaluation Synthesis of Their Impact on Highway Safety....Pages 333-340
Fatality Incidence Stratified by Driver Behavior: An Exploratory Analysis with FARS Data....Pages 341-351
An Assessment of the Risks of Stratospheric Modification....Pages 353-356
Quality Assurance in Risk Models for Regulatory Decision Making....Pages 357-370
Risk Assessment Issues in Implementing Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Legislation....Pages 371-378
System Unavailability Monitoring Study....Pages 379-385
The Influence of the Climate of Risk Perception on the Process of Risk Management: Quantification, Evaluation Decision Making....Pages 387-390
The Nation-State in Societal Evaluation of Risk: Ambiguity Meets Reality....Pages 391-398
Setting Risk Priorities in Environmental Policy: The Role of Women....Pages 399-409
Comparison of Tumor Incidence for Short-Term and Lifetime Exposure....Pages 411-415
Benzene and Leukemia: What Are the Risks and What Do the Data Reveal?....Pages 417-430
Analysis of Individual Risk Belief Structures....Pages 431-441
Sources of Common Cause Failures in Decision Making Involved in Man-Made Catastrophes....Pages 443-454
Game Strategic Behavior Under Conditions of Risk and Uncertainty....Pages 455-461
Conventional Wisdom on Risk Communication and Evidence from a Field Experiment....Pages 463-472
Managing Uncertain Risks Through “Intelligent” Classification: A Combined Artificial Intelligence/Decision-Analytic Approach....Pages 473-482
Managing Fire Safety Problems Through Decision Analysis to Evaluate Fire Safety Hazards....Pages 483-494
Can Risk Assessment and Risk Prioritization Be Extricated from Risk Management?....Pages 495-500
Application of Risk Assessment Principles in Environmental Epidemiology....Pages 501-507
A Comparison of the Remedial Priorities Determined Using More Likely Case and Worst Case Risk Estimates....Pages 509-515
Cancer Incidence Among Welders Due to Combined Exposures to ELF and Welding Fumes: A Study in Data Pooling....Pages 517-527
Role of Risk Assessment in New Hampshire State Government....Pages 529-534
A Method for Estimation of Fish Contamination from Dioxins and Furans Emitted by Resource Recovery Facilities....Pages 535-538
The Importance of the Hazard Identification Phase of Health Risk Assessments: Illustrated with Antimony Emissions from Waste Incineration Facilities....Pages 539-543
The Utility of a National Food Survey in Assessing Dietary Risk and Exposure....Pages 545-549
The Carcinogenic Risk of Some Organic Vapors Indoors: A Theoretical Survey....Pages 551-561
Risk Assessment and National Standards: Philosophical Problems Arising from the Normalization of Risk....Pages 563-571
The Use of Pharmacokinetic Models in the Determination of Risks for Regulatory Purposes....Pages 573-583
Ethylene Oxide Residues on Sterilized Medical Devices....Pages 585-592
Tetrachloroethylene Metabolism Resulting from Domestic Respiratory Exposure: Pharmacokinetic Considerations Relevant to Risk Assessment....Pages 593-608
The Role of Speciation and Pharmacokinetics in Risk Assessment....Pages 609-615
Assessing Risks of Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticides....Pages 617-623
Nuclear Power Safety Goals in Light of the Chernobyl Accident....Pages 625-632
PRA-Based Inspection for Oconee Unit 3....Pages 633-641
Environmental Radiation Standards and Risk Limitation....Pages 643-650
The Anatomy of Safety Evaluations....Pages 651-656
The Impact of Non-Drinking Water Exposures on Drinking Water Standards: A Problem of Acceptable Levels of Risk....Pages 657-663
Estimating Exposures and Health Risks for Alternative Ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standards....Pages 665-674
The Definition of Risk and Associated Terminology for Risk Analysis....Pages 675-680
Back Matter....Pages 681-686
....