Ebook: Short-Term Bioassays in the Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures III

In the four years since the 1978 Symposium on the Application of Short-Term Bioassays in the Fractionation and Analysis of Complex Environmental Mixtures the use of short-term bioassays to evaluate potential health hazards of complex environmental mixtures has substantially increased. Increased research activity has been particularly noticeable in mobile source emissions, where initial observations on the mutagenic activity of diesel particulate extracts reported at the 1978 symposium stimulated the development of major research programs in government and industry. In the absence of appropriate reference materials, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated comparative genotoxicity studies to determine the relative mutagenic and carcinogenic activity and, ultimately, the potential human health risk due to exposure to various complex emission products. Among the materials investigated were those of known health risk, such as coke oven and roofing tar emissions and cigarette smoke condensates, and those of unknown hazard, such as exhaust from diesel-and gasoline-powered vehicles. Studies on diesel emission products proved useful in short­ term bioassay development, as the diesel exhaust extracts were genetically active with low cellular toxicity and could be obtained in relatively large quantities. Availability of such samples aided chemical characterization, and it was eventually determined that the nitro-polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were among the mutagenic components of diesel exhaust particulate.

---

---

Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xv
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Some Aspects of Mutagenicity Testing of the Particulate Phase and the Gas Phase of Diluted and Undiluted Automobile Exhaust....Pages 3-16
Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS) Versus Dilution Tunnel Sampling....Pages 17-26
Preparation of Hazardous and Complex Samples for Ecological Testing....Pages 27-38
Sample Collection and Preparation Methods Affecting Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity of Coal Fly Ash....Pages 39-58
The Use of Short-Term Bioassays to Monitor the Environmental Impact of Land Treatment of Hazardous Wastes....Pages 59-78
Mutagenicity Testing of Complex Mixtures Derived from Human Body Fluids....Pages 79-87
Evaluation by the Tradescantia-Micronucleus Test of the Mutagenicity of Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Fumes from Diesel and Diesel-Soybean Oil Mixed Fuels....Pages 89-99
Front Matter....Pages 101-101
Microbial Assays in Research and in the Characterization of Complex Mixtures....Pages 103-138
Fractionation of an Oil Shale Retort Process Water: Isolation of Photoactive Genotoxic Components....Pages 139-151
The Integration of Bioassay and Physiochemical Information for Complex Mixtures....Pages 153-162
Front Matter....Pages 163-163
Isolation of Mutagens from Drinking Water: Something Old, Something New....Pages 165-181
Mutagenicity Testing of Complex Environmental Mixtures with Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells....Pages 183-196
A Search for the Identity of Genotoxic Agents in the Ambient Air using the Tradescantia Bioassay....Pages 197-210
The Mouse Oocyte Toxicity Assay....Pages 211-228
Application of Bovine Macrophage Bioassays in the Analysis of Toxic Agents in Complex Environmental Mixtures....Pages 229-244
Determination of Direct-Acting Mutagens and Clastogens in Oil Shale Retort Process Water....Pages 245-255
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Hamster Tracheal Epithelium Exposed in Vitro to Chemical Carcinogens and Environmental Pollutants....Pages 257-268
Front Matter....Pages 269-275
Presence of Various Types of Mutagenic Impurities in Carbon Black Detected by the Salmonella Assay....Pages 277-284
Front Matter....Pages 285-295
Criterion Development for the Application of BALB/c-3T3 Cells to Routine Testing for Chemical Carcinogenic Potential....Pages 163-163
A Quantitative, Clonal Assay for Carcinogen-Induced Alterations of Respiratory Epithelial Cells in Culture....Pages 297-306
Recent Experience with the Strain a Mouse Pulmonary Tumor Bioassay Model....Pages 307-307
Integrated Chemical and Biological Analysis of Asphalt and Pitch Fumes....Pages 309-324
Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis: Application to the Analysis of Complex Mixtures....Pages 325-340
Front Matter....Pages 341-349
Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: Xenopus (FETAX) — A Short-Term Assay Applicable to Complex Environmental Mixtures....Pages 351-366
Human Serum Teratogenicity Studies using in Vitro Cultures of Rat Embryos....Pages 367-390
A Teratology Test System which Utilizes Postnatal Growth and Viability in the Mouse....Pages 391-391
Front Matter....Pages 393-405
Mutagenicity of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent: A Comprehensive Study of Complex Mixtures....Pages 407-415
Evaluation in Man and Animals of Tests for the Detection of Population Exposures to Genotoxic Chemicals....Pages 417-427
Biological Activity of Air Particulate Extracts (APE) in Short-Term Test....Pages 429-429
On the use of Relative Toxicity for Risk Estimation....Pages 431-459
Passive Smoking and Urban Air Pollution: Salmonella/Microsome Mutagenicity Assay of Simultaneously Collected Indoor and Outdoor Particulate Matter....Pages 461-484
Environmental Aromatic Nitro Compounds and their Bacterial Detoxification....Pages 485-497
Application of Mutagenicity Tests for Detection and Source Assessment of Genotoxic Agents in the Rubber Work Atmosphere....Pages 499-513
Mutagens in Airborne Particulate Pollutants and Nitro Derivatives Produced by Exposure of Aromatic Compounds to Gaseous Pollutants....Pages 515-525
Back Matter....Pages 527-539
....Pages 541-553