Ebook: Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds

Increasing international concern is being expressed regarding the contamination of the environment with polychlorinated dibenzo-p­ dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans because certain of these chemicals have been shown to be highly toxic to animals and are ubiquitous in the environment. They are known to be distributed as contaminants of commercial products and as by-products from com­ bustion processes. A considerable volume of information has accumulated on these chemicals in the past two decades, particularly for the most toxic of them, 2,3,7,8-tetrach1orodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). However, this body of knowledge has not succeeded in resolving genuine judgmental differences among experts in the field as to the degree of hazard to human health and the environment. In light of the widespread public concern, it is clearly imperative to come to grips with the continuing scientific controversy, to review the data, assess the issues, to see where areas of agreement exist, and where further research is needed to resolve remaining areas of disagree­ ment. This volume represents an effort to contribute to these goals.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Dioxins as Contaminants of Herbicides: The U.S. Perspective....Pages 3-11
Dioxins as Contaminants of Herbicides: Australian Perspective....Pages 13-16
The Use of Scientific Information in the Development of Public Policies....Pages 17-21
Regulatory Actions on Dioxins and Related Compounds....Pages 23-31
Dioxins and Related Compounds as Issues of International Concern....Pages 33-41
Front Matter....Pages 43-43
Analytical Methodology for the Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in Products and Environmental Samples: An Overview and Critique....Pages 45-63
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Methods of Analysis for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans....Pages 65-72
Determination of Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and Tetrachlorodibenzofurans in Environmental Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Capillary Gas Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry....Pages 73-94
Methodology and Preliminary Results for the Isomer-Specific Determination of TCDDs and Higher Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins in Chimney Particulates from Wood-Fueled Domestic Furnaces Located In Eastern, Central, and Western Regions of the United States....Pages 95-112
Sampling and Analytical Methodologies for PCDDs and PCDFs in Incinerators and Wood Burning Facilities....Pages 113-126
Comparative Monitoring and Analytical Methodology for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Fish....Pages 127-139
Front Matter....Pages 141-141
Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs from Combustion Sources....Pages 143-152
Changes in Dioxin Isomer Group Ratios in the Environment: An Update and Extension of the Present Theory....Pages 153-160
Analysis for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin Residues in Environmental Samples....Pages 161-171
Long-Term Studies on the Persistence and Movement of TCDD in A Natural Ecosystem....Pages 173-190
Microbial Degradation of TCDD in A Model Ecosystem....Pages 191-219
Residues of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes Fish....Pages 221-240
Identification of Polychlorinated Dioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in Human Samples, Occupational Exposure and Yusho Patients....Pages 241-253
Seveso — An Environmental Assessment....Pages 255-274
Front Matter....Pages 275-275
Environmental Toxicity of TCDD....Pages 277-299
Front Matter....Pages 275-275
The Theory of Accumulation and its Relationship to the Choice of Monitoring Matrices for Dioxins....Pages 301-321
A Field Study of Soil and Biological Specimens from a Herbicide Storage and Aerial-Test Staging Site Following Long-Term Contamination with TCDD....Pages 323-339
Chick Edema Disease and Hepatic Porphyria in Lake Ontario Herring Gull Embryos in the Early 1970s....Pages 341-356
Long-Term Field Studies of a Rodent Population Continuously Exposed to TCDD....Pages 357-372
Ultrastructural Comparison of Liver Tissues from Field and Laboratory TCDD-Exposed Beach Mice....Pages 373-389
Front Matter....Pages 391-391
PCDDs and Related Compounds: Metabolism and Biochemistry....Pages 393-403
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Weight Loss: A Proposed Mechanism....Pages 405-413
Studies of The Mechanism of Action of Hepatotoxicity of 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds....Pages 415-422
The Ah Receptor: A Specific Site for Action of Chlorinated Dioxins?....Pages 423-440
Genetic Differences in Enzymes which Metabolize Drugs, Chemical Carcinogens, and Other Environmental Pollutants....Pages 441-462
Factors Affecting the Disposition and Persistence of Halogenated Furans and Dioxins....Pages 463-475
Adipose Tissue Storage of Polychlorinated Compounds....Pages 477-482
Structure Elucidation of Mammalian TCDD-Metabolites....Pages 483-492
Front Matter....Pages 493-493
Absorption, Distribution and Metabolism of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in Experimental Animals....Pages 495-525
Morphology of Lesions Produced by the Dioxins and Related Compounds....Pages 527-538
A Consideration of the Mechanism of Action of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-Dibenzo-P-Dioxin and Related Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons....Pages 539-559
Front Matter....Pages 561-561
Methodology of Clinical Studies on Exposed Populations....Pages 563-573
A Mortality Study of Workers Employed at the Monsanto Company Plant in Nitro, West Virginia....Pages 575-591
Dioxin and Reproductive Events....Pages 593-603
Significance of Cutaneous Lesions in the Symptomatology of Exposure to Dioxins and Other Chloracnegens....Pages 605-612
Front Matter....Pages 561-561
Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Clues and Caution....Pages 613-618
Front Matter....Pages 619-619
Risk Assessment: Introductory Remarks....Pages 621-622
Assessing Risk in Legal Proceedings: How to Deal With Scientific Uncertainty in Toxic Substances Risk Assessments....Pages 623-627
Some General Observations on the Safety of PCDDs....Pages 629-633
Risk Assessment for Regulation of Dioxin (TCDD)....Pages 635-638
Risk Assessment for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)....Pages 639-664
Front Matter....Pages 665-665
An Overview of Laboratory and Waste Management Guidelines for Toxic Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans....Pages 667-674
Laboratory Design Considerations for the Handling and Analyses of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds....Pages 675-680
Safe Handling of Toxic Chemicals: Perspectives of a Bench Chemist and Laboratory Manager....Pages 681-690
Safety Precautions for the Handling of TCDD....Pages 691-695
Program for Monitoring Potential Contamination in the Laboratory Following the Handling and Analyses of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans....Pages 697-705
A Medical Surveillance Program for Scientists Exposed to Dioxins and Furans....Pages 707-716
Laboratory Handling and Disposal of Chlorinated Dioxin Wastes....Pages 717-729
Physical and Chemical Properties of Dioxins in Relation to the their Disposal....Pages 731-748
The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Program Used During the Disposal of Herbicide Orange....Pages 749-769
Front Matter....Pages 771-771
Analytical Chemistry....Pages 773-775
Environmental Chemistry....Pages 777-781
Environmental Toxicology....Pages 783-785
Biochemistry and Metabolism....Pages 787-790
Animal Toxicology....Pages 791-793
Front Matter....Pages 771-771
Human Observations....Pages 795-797
Laboratory Safety and Waste Management....Pages 799-801
Back Matter....Pages 803-823

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Dioxins as Contaminants of Herbicides: The U.S. Perspective....Pages 3-11
Dioxins as Contaminants of Herbicides: Australian Perspective....Pages 13-16
The Use of Scientific Information in the Development of Public Policies....Pages 17-21
Regulatory Actions on Dioxins and Related Compounds....Pages 23-31
Dioxins and Related Compounds as Issues of International Concern....Pages 33-41
Front Matter....Pages 43-43
Analytical Methodology for the Determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in Products and Environmental Samples: An Overview and Critique....Pages 45-63
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Methods of Analysis for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans....Pages 65-72
Determination of Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and Tetrachlorodibenzofurans in Environmental Samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Capillary Gas Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry....Pages 73-94
Methodology and Preliminary Results for the Isomer-Specific Determination of TCDDs and Higher Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins in Chimney Particulates from Wood-Fueled Domestic Furnaces Located In Eastern, Central, and Western Regions of the United States....Pages 95-112
Sampling and Analytical Methodologies for PCDDs and PCDFs in Incinerators and Wood Burning Facilities....Pages 113-126
Comparative Monitoring and Analytical Methodology for 2,3,7,8-TCDD in Fish....Pages 127-139
Front Matter....Pages 141-141
Emissions of PCDDs and PCDFs from Combustion Sources....Pages 143-152
Changes in Dioxin Isomer Group Ratios in the Environment: An Update and Extension of the Present Theory....Pages 153-160
Analysis for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin Residues in Environmental Samples....Pages 161-171
Long-Term Studies on the Persistence and Movement of TCDD in A Natural Ecosystem....Pages 173-190
Microbial Degradation of TCDD in A Model Ecosystem....Pages 191-219
Residues of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes Fish....Pages 221-240
Identification of Polychlorinated Dioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in Human Samples, Occupational Exposure and Yusho Patients....Pages 241-253
Seveso — An Environmental Assessment....Pages 255-274
Front Matter....Pages 275-275
Environmental Toxicity of TCDD....Pages 277-299
Front Matter....Pages 275-275
The Theory of Accumulation and its Relationship to the Choice of Monitoring Matrices for Dioxins....Pages 301-321
A Field Study of Soil and Biological Specimens from a Herbicide Storage and Aerial-Test Staging Site Following Long-Term Contamination with TCDD....Pages 323-339
Chick Edema Disease and Hepatic Porphyria in Lake Ontario Herring Gull Embryos in the Early 1970s....Pages 341-356
Long-Term Field Studies of a Rodent Population Continuously Exposed to TCDD....Pages 357-372
Ultrastructural Comparison of Liver Tissues from Field and Laboratory TCDD-Exposed Beach Mice....Pages 373-389
Front Matter....Pages 391-391
PCDDs and Related Compounds: Metabolism and Biochemistry....Pages 393-403
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin-Induced Weight Loss: A Proposed Mechanism....Pages 405-413
Studies of The Mechanism of Action of Hepatotoxicity of 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (TCDD) and Related Compounds....Pages 415-422
The Ah Receptor: A Specific Site for Action of Chlorinated Dioxins?....Pages 423-440
Genetic Differences in Enzymes which Metabolize Drugs, Chemical Carcinogens, and Other Environmental Pollutants....Pages 441-462
Factors Affecting the Disposition and Persistence of Halogenated Furans and Dioxins....Pages 463-475
Adipose Tissue Storage of Polychlorinated Compounds....Pages 477-482
Structure Elucidation of Mammalian TCDD-Metabolites....Pages 483-492
Front Matter....Pages 493-493
Absorption, Distribution and Metabolism of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) in Experimental Animals....Pages 495-525
Morphology of Lesions Produced by the Dioxins and Related Compounds....Pages 527-538
A Consideration of the Mechanism of Action of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-Dibenzo-P-Dioxin and Related Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons....Pages 539-559
Front Matter....Pages 561-561
Methodology of Clinical Studies on Exposed Populations....Pages 563-573
A Mortality Study of Workers Employed at the Monsanto Company Plant in Nitro, West Virginia....Pages 575-591
Dioxin and Reproductive Events....Pages 593-603
Significance of Cutaneous Lesions in the Symptomatology of Exposure to Dioxins and Other Chloracnegens....Pages 605-612
Front Matter....Pages 561-561
Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Clues and Caution....Pages 613-618
Front Matter....Pages 619-619
Risk Assessment: Introductory Remarks....Pages 621-622
Assessing Risk in Legal Proceedings: How to Deal With Scientific Uncertainty in Toxic Substances Risk Assessments....Pages 623-627
Some General Observations on the Safety of PCDDs....Pages 629-633
Risk Assessment for Regulation of Dioxin (TCDD)....Pages 635-638
Risk Assessment for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)....Pages 639-664
Front Matter....Pages 665-665
An Overview of Laboratory and Waste Management Guidelines for Toxic Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans....Pages 667-674
Laboratory Design Considerations for the Handling and Analyses of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds....Pages 675-680
Safe Handling of Toxic Chemicals: Perspectives of a Bench Chemist and Laboratory Manager....Pages 681-690
Safety Precautions for the Handling of TCDD....Pages 691-695
Program for Monitoring Potential Contamination in the Laboratory Following the Handling and Analyses of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans....Pages 697-705
A Medical Surveillance Program for Scientists Exposed to Dioxins and Furans....Pages 707-716
Laboratory Handling and Disposal of Chlorinated Dioxin Wastes....Pages 717-729
Physical and Chemical Properties of Dioxins in Relation to the their Disposal....Pages 731-748
The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of the Industrial Hygiene Program Used During the Disposal of Herbicide Orange....Pages 749-769
Front Matter....Pages 771-771
Analytical Chemistry....Pages 773-775
Environmental Chemistry....Pages 777-781
Environmental Toxicology....Pages 783-785
Biochemistry and Metabolism....Pages 787-790
Animal Toxicology....Pages 791-793
Front Matter....Pages 771-771
Human Observations....Pages 795-797
Laboratory Safety and Waste Management....Pages 799-801
Back Matter....Pages 803-823
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