Ebook: Science and Technology of Crystal Growth

1. The ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth. ISSCG IX A complete theory of crystal growth establishes the full dependence of crystal size, shape and structure on external parameters like temperature, pressure, composition, purity, growth rate and stirring of the mother phase, implicitly establishing how the corresponding fields vary in space and time. Such a theory does not exist, however. Therefore equipment to grow crystals is developed on the basis of partial knowledge. Skill, experience and creativity still are of central importance for the success o~ a crystal growth system. In this book we collected contributions from the teachers of the ninth International Summer School on Crystal Growth ISSCG IX, held 11-16 june 1995 at Papendal, the national sports centre of the Netherlands. These contributions were used during the lectures. The authors have tried to present their work in such a way that only basic physical knowledge is required to understand the papers. The book can be used as an introduction to various important sub disciplines of the science and technology of crystal growth. Since, however the information content considerably exceeds a lecture note level and touches the present limits of understanding, it is an up to date handbook as well.

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The future will reveal an ever increasing demand for crystals having highly specific properties while, at the same time, crystal growth systems will come to be increasingly restricted by environmental and budgetary constraints. If the technology is based on trial and error and the science restricted to irrelevant model systems, these demands will come into conflict. But if technological developments incorporate scientific understanding, then environmental, financial, material and fundamental perspectives often turn out to run surprisingly parallel. It is this integration of approaches to which Science and Technologyof Crystal Growth aspires. Starting from basic physical and chemical knowledge, the reader is encouraged to build to the state of the art level, assisted by the many thousands of references to the original literature. The aspects covered range from mass crystallization technology to numerical modeling, from biological materials to fundamental physics, and from chemical reaction dynamics to the nonlinear dynamics of pattern formation.
Audience: An ideal starting point for postgraduate researchers and process engineers. A high-level, interdisciplinary approach to crystallization.

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The future will reveal an ever increasing demand for crystals having highly specific properties while, at the same time, crystal growth systems will come to be increasingly restricted by environmental and budgetary constraints. If the technology is based on trial and error and the science restricted to irrelevant model systems, these demands will come into conflict. But if technological developments incorporate scientific understanding, then environmental, financial, material and fundamental perspectives often turn out to run surprisingly parallel. It is this integration of approaches to which Science and Technologyof Crystal Growth aspires. Starting from basic physical and chemical knowledge, the reader is encouraged to build to the state of the art level, assisted by the many thousands of references to the original literature. The aspects covered range from mass crystallization technology to numerical modeling, from biological materials to fundamental physics, and from chemical reaction dynamics to the nonlinear dynamics of pattern formation.
Audience: An ideal starting point for postgraduate researchers and process engineers. A high-level, interdisciplinary approach to crystallization.

Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xiv
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams — Fundamentals and Tools for Crystal Growth....Pages 1-13
Atomic Models for Crystal Growth....Pages 15-26
The Syncrystallization of Thianaphthene and Naphthalene an Exercise in Thermodynamic Phase Diagram Analysis....Pages 27-38
From Thermoelasticity to Surface Melting....Pages 39-52
Nucleation....Pages 53-66
Topics in Crystal Growth Kinetics....Pages 67-80
Lattice Growth Models....Pages 81-95
Macroscopic Transport Processes During the Growth of Single Crystals from the Melt....Pages 97-110
Large-Scale Numerical Modeling of Bulk Crystal Growth from the Melt and Solution....Pages 111-122
Vapour Growth....Pages 123-136
Advanced Epitaxial Techniques for III-V Materials....Pages 137-148
Morphology of Crystals: Past and Future....Pages 149-164
Modulated and Quasicrystals....Pages 165-177
Modelling the Habit Modification of Molecular Crystals by the Action of “Tailor-Made” Additives....Pages 179-192
Morphological Instability: Dendrites, Seaweed, and Fractals....Pages 193-208
Mass Crystallization, Number Balances and Size Distributions....Pages 209-220
Crystallizers....Pages 221-232
Melt Suspension Crystallization....Pages 233-244
Melt Layer Crystallization....Pages 245-258
Secondary Nucleation....Pages 259-277
Crystallization in Colloidal Suspensions....Pages 279-290
Polytypism and Inorganic Crystal Growth and Reactivity....Pages 291-312
Polymer Crystallization....Pages 313-328
Principles of Crystal Growth in Protein Crystallization....Pages 329-353
Some Common Pathologies in Step Growth: Impurities and Surface Reconstruction....Pages 355-366
Characterization of Crystal Growth Processes Using Synchrotron X-Ray Techniques....Pages 367-382
Back Matter....Pages 383-391

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The future will reveal an ever increasing demand for crystals having highly specific properties while, at the same time, crystal growth systems will come to be increasingly restricted by environmental and budgetary constraints. If the technology is based on trial and error and the science restricted to irrelevant model systems, these demands will come into conflict. But if technological developments incorporate scientific understanding, then environmental, financial, material and fundamental perspectives often turn out to run surprisingly parallel. It is this integration of approaches to which Science and Technologyof Crystal Growth aspires. Starting from basic physical and chemical knowledge, the reader is encouraged to build to the state of the art level, assisted by the many thousands of references to the original literature. The aspects covered range from mass crystallization technology to numerical modeling, from biological materials to fundamental physics, and from chemical reaction dynamics to the nonlinear dynamics of pattern formation.
Audience: An ideal starting point for postgraduate researchers and process engineers. A high-level, interdisciplinary approach to crystallization.

Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xiv
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams — Fundamentals and Tools for Crystal Growth....Pages 1-13
Atomic Models for Crystal Growth....Pages 15-26
The Syncrystallization of Thianaphthene and Naphthalene an Exercise in Thermodynamic Phase Diagram Analysis....Pages 27-38
From Thermoelasticity to Surface Melting....Pages 39-52
Nucleation....Pages 53-66
Topics in Crystal Growth Kinetics....Pages 67-80
Lattice Growth Models....Pages 81-95
Macroscopic Transport Processes During the Growth of Single Crystals from the Melt....Pages 97-110
Large-Scale Numerical Modeling of Bulk Crystal Growth from the Melt and Solution....Pages 111-122
Vapour Growth....Pages 123-136
Advanced Epitaxial Techniques for III-V Materials....Pages 137-148
Morphology of Crystals: Past and Future....Pages 149-164
Modulated and Quasicrystals....Pages 165-177
Modelling the Habit Modification of Molecular Crystals by the Action of “Tailor-Made” Additives....Pages 179-192
Morphological Instability: Dendrites, Seaweed, and Fractals....Pages 193-208
Mass Crystallization, Number Balances and Size Distributions....Pages 209-220
Crystallizers....Pages 221-232
Melt Suspension Crystallization....Pages 233-244
Melt Layer Crystallization....Pages 245-258
Secondary Nucleation....Pages 259-277
Crystallization in Colloidal Suspensions....Pages 279-290
Polytypism and Inorganic Crystal Growth and Reactivity....Pages 291-312
Polymer Crystallization....Pages 313-328
Principles of Crystal Growth in Protein Crystallization....Pages 329-353
Some Common Pathologies in Step Growth: Impurities and Surface Reconstruction....Pages 355-366
Characterization of Crystal Growth Processes Using Synchrotron X-Ray Techniques....Pages 367-382
Back Matter....Pages 383-391
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