Ebook: Measurement of Residual and Applied Stress Using Neutron Diffraction

The accurate, absolute, and non-destructive measurement of residual stress fields within metallic, ceramic, and composite engineering components has been one of the major problems facing engineers for many years, and so the extension of X-ray methods to the use of neutrons represents a major advance. The technique utilizes the unique penetrating power of the neutron into most engineering materials, combined with the sensitivity of diffraction, to measure the separation of lattice planes within grains of polycrystalline engineering materials, thus providing an internal strain gauge. The strain is then converted to stress using calibrated elastic constants. It was just over ten years ago that the initial neutron diffraction measurements of residual stress were carried out, and during the ensuing decade measurements have commenced at most steady state reactors and pulsed sources around the world. So swift has been the development of the field that, in addition to fundamental scientific studies, commercial measurements have been made on industrial components for several years now. The use of neutrons is ideally suited to the determination of triaxial macrostress tensors, macrostress gradients, and microstresses in composites and multiphase alloys as well as deformed, plastically anisotropic metals and alloys. To date, it has been used to investigate welded and heat-treated industrial components, to characterize composites, to study the response of material under applied loads, to calibrate more portable methods such as ultrasonics, and to verify computer modelling calculations of residual and applied stress.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xviii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Neutron Diffraction Measurement of Residual Stress Fields: Overview and Points for Discussion....Pages 3-18
Front Matter....Pages 19-19
Role of Neutron Diffraction in Engineering Stress Analysis....Pages 21-35
Application of X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements in Industrial R&D....Pages 37-50
The Theory of Stress/Strain Analysis with Diffraction....Pages 51-65
The Calculation of Residual Stress....Pages 67-91
Comparison Between Finite Element Calculations and Neutron Diffraction Measurements of Residual Stress in a Diametrically Compressed Ring....Pages 93-112
Front Matter....Pages 113-113
Macrostresses, Microstresses and Stress Tensors....Pages 115-130
Separation of Microstresses and Macrostresses....Pages 131-145
The Effects of Crystalline Anisotropy on the Elastic Response of Materials....Pages 147-158
Investigation of Large Grained Samples — Principles....Pages 159-170
The Plastic Regime, Including Anisotropy Effects....Pages 171-187
Grain Interaction Stresses....Pages 189-203
Relaxation....Pages 205-222
Interpretation of Residual Stress Measurements: Summary of Discussion Session....Pages 223-231
Front Matter....Pages 233-233
Spatial Resolution and Strain Scanning....Pages 235-251
Strain Tensor Measurements by Neutron Diffraction....Pages 253-261
Investigations of Large Grained Samples — Examples....Pages 263-276
The Stress-Free Reference Sample: Alloy Composition Information from Neutron Capture....Pages 277-284
The Precision of Peak Position Determination in Diffraction Measurements of Stress....Pages 285-296
Errors in Analysis....Pages 297-297
Front Matter....Pages 299-299
Optimized Geometry for a Stress Measurement Two-Axis Diffractometer at a Reactor....Pages 301-311
Implementation and Application of a PSD Set-Up for Neutron Diffraction Strain Measurements....Pages 313-327
Reverse Time-of-Flight Fourier Technique for Strain Measurements....Pages 329-334
The Alignment of Instrumentation and the Positioning of Specimens for Stress Measurements by Means of Neutron Diffraction....Pages 335-346
Proposal for a Neutron Strain Measurement Apparatus....Pages 347-352
Microbeam Techniques in Diffraction: A Theoretical Treatment....Pages 353-353
Summary of the Panel Discussion on Instrumentation at Steady State Sources....Pages 355-359
Residual and Applied Stress Measurements at IPNS....Pages 363-367
Residual Stress Measurement using the Pulsed Neutron Source at Lansce....Pages 369-382
Stress Measurement: Experience at ISIS....Pages 383-388
Transmission Bragg-Edge Measurements....Pages 389-394
MACS, The Manipulation and Collimation System on the NPD at LANSCE....Pages 395-400
The Design of a Pulsed Source Instrument: Summary of Discussion Session....Pages 401-402
Front Matter....Pages 403-403
Stress Measurements in Composites using Neutron Diffraction....Pages 405-420
Theory and Modelling of Composites....Pages 421-437
Application of Neutron Diffraction Time-of-Flight Measurements to the Study of Strain in Composites....Pages 439-450
Deformation Analysis in Mixed Composites....Pages 451-459
Surface and Near-Surface Analysis of Residual Stresses in Aluminium and Titanium Alloys — Examples of the Case for X-Ray Diffraction....Pages 461-471
Residual Stresses in Brazed Ceramic-Metal Compounds....Pages 473-477
Front Matter....Pages 479-479
Residual Stress Distribution in Cracked Autofrettaged Tubing....Pages 481-492
Front Matter....Pages 479-479
Measurement of Stresses in Metal Adhesive Joints....Pages 493-501
Residual Stress Measurements in Armament-Related Components....Pages 503-516
Problems with Railway Rails....Pages 517-524
Neutron Measurements of Residual Strain in some Technological Materials and Components....Pages 525-534
Development of the Neutron Diffraction Technique for the Determination of Near Surface Residual Stresses in Critical Gas Turbine Components....Pages 535-543
Residual Stresses at Cold Expanded Fastener Holes....Pages 545-553
Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurements on Power Generation Turbine Blades: Comparison with Finite Element Analysis....Pages 555-555
Front Matter....Pages 557-557
Calibration of Portable NDE Techniques for Residual Stress Measurement....Pages 559-571
Triaxial Analysis of Residual Stress Fields in Metallic Plates....Pages 573-573
Pitfalls of Layer Removal Techniques in X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements....Pages 575-575
Neutrons Versus X-Rays....Pages 577-580
Back Matter....Pages 581-588

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xviii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Neutron Diffraction Measurement of Residual Stress Fields: Overview and Points for Discussion....Pages 3-18
Front Matter....Pages 19-19
Role of Neutron Diffraction in Engineering Stress Analysis....Pages 21-35
Application of X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements in Industrial R&D....Pages 37-50
The Theory of Stress/Strain Analysis with Diffraction....Pages 51-65
The Calculation of Residual Stress....Pages 67-91
Comparison Between Finite Element Calculations and Neutron Diffraction Measurements of Residual Stress in a Diametrically Compressed Ring....Pages 93-112
Front Matter....Pages 113-113
Macrostresses, Microstresses and Stress Tensors....Pages 115-130
Separation of Microstresses and Macrostresses....Pages 131-145
The Effects of Crystalline Anisotropy on the Elastic Response of Materials....Pages 147-158
Investigation of Large Grained Samples — Principles....Pages 159-170
The Plastic Regime, Including Anisotropy Effects....Pages 171-187
Grain Interaction Stresses....Pages 189-203
Relaxation....Pages 205-222
Interpretation of Residual Stress Measurements: Summary of Discussion Session....Pages 223-231
Front Matter....Pages 233-233
Spatial Resolution and Strain Scanning....Pages 235-251
Strain Tensor Measurements by Neutron Diffraction....Pages 253-261
Investigations of Large Grained Samples — Examples....Pages 263-276
The Stress-Free Reference Sample: Alloy Composition Information from Neutron Capture....Pages 277-284
The Precision of Peak Position Determination in Diffraction Measurements of Stress....Pages 285-296
Errors in Analysis....Pages 297-297
Front Matter....Pages 299-299
Optimized Geometry for a Stress Measurement Two-Axis Diffractometer at a Reactor....Pages 301-311
Implementation and Application of a PSD Set-Up for Neutron Diffraction Strain Measurements....Pages 313-327
Reverse Time-of-Flight Fourier Technique for Strain Measurements....Pages 329-334
The Alignment of Instrumentation and the Positioning of Specimens for Stress Measurements by Means of Neutron Diffraction....Pages 335-346
Proposal for a Neutron Strain Measurement Apparatus....Pages 347-352
Microbeam Techniques in Diffraction: A Theoretical Treatment....Pages 353-353
Summary of the Panel Discussion on Instrumentation at Steady State Sources....Pages 355-359
Residual and Applied Stress Measurements at IPNS....Pages 363-367
Residual Stress Measurement using the Pulsed Neutron Source at Lansce....Pages 369-382
Stress Measurement: Experience at ISIS....Pages 383-388
Transmission Bragg-Edge Measurements....Pages 389-394
MACS, The Manipulation and Collimation System on the NPD at LANSCE....Pages 395-400
The Design of a Pulsed Source Instrument: Summary of Discussion Session....Pages 401-402
Front Matter....Pages 403-403
Stress Measurements in Composites using Neutron Diffraction....Pages 405-420
Theory and Modelling of Composites....Pages 421-437
Application of Neutron Diffraction Time-of-Flight Measurements to the Study of Strain in Composites....Pages 439-450
Deformation Analysis in Mixed Composites....Pages 451-459
Surface and Near-Surface Analysis of Residual Stresses in Aluminium and Titanium Alloys — Examples of the Case for X-Ray Diffraction....Pages 461-471
Residual Stresses in Brazed Ceramic-Metal Compounds....Pages 473-477
Front Matter....Pages 479-479
Residual Stress Distribution in Cracked Autofrettaged Tubing....Pages 481-492
Front Matter....Pages 479-479
Measurement of Stresses in Metal Adhesive Joints....Pages 493-501
Residual Stress Measurements in Armament-Related Components....Pages 503-516
Problems with Railway Rails....Pages 517-524
Neutron Measurements of Residual Strain in some Technological Materials and Components....Pages 525-534
Development of the Neutron Diffraction Technique for the Determination of Near Surface Residual Stresses in Critical Gas Turbine Components....Pages 535-543
Residual Stresses at Cold Expanded Fastener Holes....Pages 545-553
Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction Residual Stress Measurements on Power Generation Turbine Blades: Comparison with Finite Element Analysis....Pages 555-555
Front Matter....Pages 557-557
Calibration of Portable NDE Techniques for Residual Stress Measurement....Pages 559-571
Triaxial Analysis of Residual Stress Fields in Metallic Plates....Pages 573-573
Pitfalls of Layer Removal Techniques in X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements....Pages 575-575
Neutrons Versus X-Rays....Pages 577-580
Back Matter....Pages 581-588
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