Ebook: Instrumentation for Ground-Based Optical Astronomy: Present and Future The Ninth Santa Cruz Summer Workshop in Astronomy and Astrophysics, July 13–July 24, 1987, Lick Observatory

Historically, the discovery of tools, or evidence that tools have been used, has been taken as proof of human activity; certainly the invention and spread of new tools has been a critical marker of human progress and has increased our ability to observe, measure, and understand the physical world. In astronomy the tools are telescopes and the optical and electronic instruments that support them. The use of the telescope by Galileo marked the beginning of a new and productive way to study and understand the universe in which we live. The effects of this new tool on what we can see, and how we see ourselves, are well known. However, after almost four centuries of developing ever more sensitive and subtle instruments as tools for astronomy, it might have been expected that only a few minor improvements would remain to be made, or that possibly the law of diminishing returns would have taken effect. On the contrary, the new instruments and ideas for new instruments described in this book make it clear that the rate of progress has not diminished, and that this subject is still as exciting and productive as ever. Instrumentation for Ground-Based Optical Astronomy was chosen as the theme for the Ninth Santa Cruz Summer Workshop in Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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This workshop was attended by leaders in the field of astronomical instrumentation from over a dozen countries. Papers describe not only instruments in operation at most major astronomical observatories but also plans and detailed designs for the next generation of instruments. Subjects discussed include spectrographs, sensors, telescope and instrument control, computer support, optical components, adaptive optics, and data acquisition techniques. This book will be of great interest to those who plan or design new instruments for astronomy.

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This workshop was attended by leaders in the field of astronomical instrumentation from over a dozen countries. Papers describe not only instruments in operation at most major astronomical observatories but also plans and detailed designs for the next generation of instruments. Subjects discussed include spectrographs, sensors, telescope and instrument control, computer support, optical components, adaptive optics, and data acquisition techniques. This book will be of great interest to those who plan or design new instruments for astronomy.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xxxiv
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Introduction to the Session on High Resolution Spectrographs....Pages 3-5
Aspects of the Optical Design of the AAT and WHT Echelle Spectrographs....Pages 6-20
Overall Philosophy of the Echelle Spectrographs for the Anglo Australian Telescope and William Herschel Telescope....Pages 21-32
The Lick Observatory Hamilton Echelle Spectrometer....Pages 33-38
Optical Design of the ARC Echelle Spectrometer....Pages 39-46
A Coud? Echelle Spectrograph with a Large Mosaic Grating but with Small Corrector Lenses....Pages 47-51
A New High-Resolution CCD Spectrometer for the McDonald Observatory 2.7-Meter Telescope....Pages 52-67
HIRES: A High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer for the Keck 10-Meter Telescope....Pages 68-103
A Comparison of Holographic and Echelle Gratings in Astronomical Spectrometry....Pages 104-117
What’s New in Gratings?....Pages 118-123
Fabry-Perot Interferometers....Pages 124-133
An Ultra-High Resolution Spectrograph in a Hurry....Pages 134-149
Front Matter....Pages 151-151
Overview of Faint Object Spectrographs....Pages 153-156
A CCD Spectropolarimeter for the Lick Observatory 3-Meter Telescope....Pages 157-171
Experience with the Palomar Double Spectrograph....Pages 172-176
Optical Design of Image Stabilizer Systems and Associated Off-Axis Guiders....Pages 177-182
An Immersion Grating for an Astronomical Spectrograph....Pages 183-188
Front Matter....Pages 189-189
Introduction to Session on Multi-Object Spectrographs....Pages 191-191
Multiple Object Spectroscopy....Pages 192-208
Multi-Object Spectrography at ESO and the CFHT....Pages 209-221
Front Matter....Pages 189-189
Fiber-Fed Instrumentation at CTIO....Pages 222-232
The MX Spectrometer: Operational Results....Pages 233-249
Fiber Optics at Kitt Peak National Observatory....Pages 250-255
Multifiber Spectroscopy for the Keck 10-Meter Telescope....Pages 256-259
A Bench Fiber Fed Spectrograph for Stellar Line Variability Studies....Pages 260-265
A New Device for Faint Objects High Resolution Imagery and Bidimensional Spectrography....Pages 266-274
All-Reflective Aspherized Grating Spectrographs at the Prime Focus of the CFHT....Pages 275-295
The Large Pupil Case: The ESSEFEM Multislit Spectrograph....Pages 296-303
SILFID: A Versatile Fiber-Optics Spectrograph for Faint Objects....Pages 304-310
Front Matter....Pages 311-311
Introduction to Session on Imaging and Photometry, Image Reconstruction....Pages 313-314
Image Reconstruction Using Adaptive Optics....Pages 315-336
Laser Guide Stars for Adaptive Optical Telescopes....Pages 337-344
Speckle Imaging Review....Pages 345-359
Image Stabilization at the ESO 2.2-Meter Telescope with DISCO....Pages 360-365
Adaptive Optics Activities at ESO....Pages 366-377
High-Resolution Imaging with Segmented Pupils....Pages 378-385
A High Speed CCD Photometer for McDonald Observatory....Pages 386-399
Front Matter....Pages 401-401
A User’s View of Data Reduction Systems....Pages 403-410
Hardware and Software Portability and Performance....Pages 411-416
The IRAF CCD Reduction Package — CCDRED....Pages 417-430
Front Matter....Pages 401-401
The MIDAS Image Processing System....Pages 431-442
The VISTA Astronomical CCD Data Reduction and Analysis Software....Pages 443-447
The FIGARO Package for Astronomical Data Analysis....Pages 448-457
Front Matter....Pages 459-459
Introduction to CCD Session....Pages 461-461
Traps and Deferred Charge in CCDs....Pages 462-485
Recent CCD Technology Developments....Pages 486-492
CCD Astrometry: One Primer and Two Problems....Pages 493-500
Optical or Infrared — the Elusive Boundary....Pages 501-507
Front Matter....Pages 509-509
Introduction to Session on Photon-Counting Equipment....Pages 511-515
Photon-Counting Detector Systems....Pages 516-527
Properties of a 40-mm Microchannel Plate Intensifier....Pages 528-538
The Ranicon Photon Counting Imager....Pages 539-541
The RANICON for Ground Based Optical Astronomy....Pages 542-556
Status of the MAMA Detector Development Program....Pages 557-567
Experience with the MAMA Detector....Pages 568-573
Development of Visible Light Sensitive Imaging Tubes with Microchannel Plate Intensifiers and Wedge and Strip Readout....Pages 574-581
Interpolative Centroiding in Photon Counting Detectors....Pages 582-588
The Photon Counting Camera CP40....Pages 589-592
Front Matter....Pages 593-593
Introduction to Session on Instrument Control and Data Acquisition....Pages 595-601
New Instruments for Time-Series Photometry....Pages 602-611
Front Matter....Pages 593-593
Standardization and Modularity of Instrument Controls for Astronomical Applications at ESO....Pages 612-620
UNIXTMand Data Collection in Astronomy....Pages 621-627
The Control System for the UCL Coud? Echelle Spectrograph....Pages 628-637
Optical Multi-Mode Instrumentation at the University of S?o Paulo....Pages 638-646
Development of a High Speed Video Cassette Data Acquisition System for the Observation of Rapid Fluctuations in Solar Flares....Pages 647-647
Front Matter....Pages 649-649
Session 9 Overview....Pages 651-652
An Automated Supernova Search and the Design and Strategy....Pages 653-662
An Overview of the Digitized Astronomy Supernovae Search Control and Image Processing Software....Pages 663-673
The Status of Berkeley’s Real-Time Supernova Search....Pages 674-680
Remote Use of the Apache Point 3.5-Meter Telescope....Pages 681-685
The Control System for the Apache Point 3.5-Meter Telescope....Pages 686-690
Pointing and Tracking Algorithms for the Keck 10-Meter Telescope....Pages 691-706
CFHT Remote Observing Possibilities....Pages 707-713
CCD TV Camera for Telescope Guiding....Pages 714-719
Fifteen Degree Correcting Optics for a 10-Meter Liquid Mirror Telescope....Pages 720-723
The Floating Boule Telescope Project....Pages 724-728
Front Matter....Pages 729-729
Introduction to Session on Equipment Available from Industry....Pages 731-731
DFM Engineering, Inc. Generation III Telescope Control System TCS 68000....Pages 732-741
A Large Area CCD Imaging System....Pages 742-748
Workshop Summary....Pages 749-751

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This workshop was attended by leaders in the field of astronomical instrumentation from over a dozen countries. Papers describe not only instruments in operation at most major astronomical observatories but also plans and detailed designs for the next generation of instruments. Subjects discussed include spectrographs, sensors, telescope and instrument control, computer support, optical components, adaptive optics, and data acquisition techniques. This book will be of great interest to those who plan or design new instruments for astronomy.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xxxiv
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Introduction to the Session on High Resolution Spectrographs....Pages 3-5
Aspects of the Optical Design of the AAT and WHT Echelle Spectrographs....Pages 6-20
Overall Philosophy of the Echelle Spectrographs for the Anglo Australian Telescope and William Herschel Telescope....Pages 21-32
The Lick Observatory Hamilton Echelle Spectrometer....Pages 33-38
Optical Design of the ARC Echelle Spectrometer....Pages 39-46
A Coud? Echelle Spectrograph with a Large Mosaic Grating but with Small Corrector Lenses....Pages 47-51
A New High-Resolution CCD Spectrometer for the McDonald Observatory 2.7-Meter Telescope....Pages 52-67
HIRES: A High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer for the Keck 10-Meter Telescope....Pages 68-103
A Comparison of Holographic and Echelle Gratings in Astronomical Spectrometry....Pages 104-117
What’s New in Gratings?....Pages 118-123
Fabry-Perot Interferometers....Pages 124-133
An Ultra-High Resolution Spectrograph in a Hurry....Pages 134-149
Front Matter....Pages 151-151
Overview of Faint Object Spectrographs....Pages 153-156
A CCD Spectropolarimeter for the Lick Observatory 3-Meter Telescope....Pages 157-171
Experience with the Palomar Double Spectrograph....Pages 172-176
Optical Design of Image Stabilizer Systems and Associated Off-Axis Guiders....Pages 177-182
An Immersion Grating for an Astronomical Spectrograph....Pages 183-188
Front Matter....Pages 189-189
Introduction to Session on Multi-Object Spectrographs....Pages 191-191
Multiple Object Spectroscopy....Pages 192-208
Multi-Object Spectrography at ESO and the CFHT....Pages 209-221
Front Matter....Pages 189-189
Fiber-Fed Instrumentation at CTIO....Pages 222-232
The MX Spectrometer: Operational Results....Pages 233-249
Fiber Optics at Kitt Peak National Observatory....Pages 250-255
Multifiber Spectroscopy for the Keck 10-Meter Telescope....Pages 256-259
A Bench Fiber Fed Spectrograph for Stellar Line Variability Studies....Pages 260-265
A New Device for Faint Objects High Resolution Imagery and Bidimensional Spectrography....Pages 266-274
All-Reflective Aspherized Grating Spectrographs at the Prime Focus of the CFHT....Pages 275-295
The Large Pupil Case: The ESSEFEM Multislit Spectrograph....Pages 296-303
SILFID: A Versatile Fiber-Optics Spectrograph for Faint Objects....Pages 304-310
Front Matter....Pages 311-311
Introduction to Session on Imaging and Photometry, Image Reconstruction....Pages 313-314
Image Reconstruction Using Adaptive Optics....Pages 315-336
Laser Guide Stars for Adaptive Optical Telescopes....Pages 337-344
Speckle Imaging Review....Pages 345-359
Image Stabilization at the ESO 2.2-Meter Telescope with DISCO....Pages 360-365
Adaptive Optics Activities at ESO....Pages 366-377
High-Resolution Imaging with Segmented Pupils....Pages 378-385
A High Speed CCD Photometer for McDonald Observatory....Pages 386-399
Front Matter....Pages 401-401
A User’s View of Data Reduction Systems....Pages 403-410
Hardware and Software Portability and Performance....Pages 411-416
The IRAF CCD Reduction Package — CCDRED....Pages 417-430
Front Matter....Pages 401-401
The MIDAS Image Processing System....Pages 431-442
The VISTA Astronomical CCD Data Reduction and Analysis Software....Pages 443-447
The FIGARO Package for Astronomical Data Analysis....Pages 448-457
Front Matter....Pages 459-459
Introduction to CCD Session....Pages 461-461
Traps and Deferred Charge in CCDs....Pages 462-485
Recent CCD Technology Developments....Pages 486-492
CCD Astrometry: One Primer and Two Problems....Pages 493-500
Optical or Infrared — the Elusive Boundary....Pages 501-507
Front Matter....Pages 509-509
Introduction to Session on Photon-Counting Equipment....Pages 511-515
Photon-Counting Detector Systems....Pages 516-527
Properties of a 40-mm Microchannel Plate Intensifier....Pages 528-538
The Ranicon Photon Counting Imager....Pages 539-541
The RANICON for Ground Based Optical Astronomy....Pages 542-556
Status of the MAMA Detector Development Program....Pages 557-567
Experience with the MAMA Detector....Pages 568-573
Development of Visible Light Sensitive Imaging Tubes with Microchannel Plate Intensifiers and Wedge and Strip Readout....Pages 574-581
Interpolative Centroiding in Photon Counting Detectors....Pages 582-588
The Photon Counting Camera CP40....Pages 589-592
Front Matter....Pages 593-593
Introduction to Session on Instrument Control and Data Acquisition....Pages 595-601
New Instruments for Time-Series Photometry....Pages 602-611
Front Matter....Pages 593-593
Standardization and Modularity of Instrument Controls for Astronomical Applications at ESO....Pages 612-620
UNIXTMand Data Collection in Astronomy....Pages 621-627
The Control System for the UCL Coud? Echelle Spectrograph....Pages 628-637
Optical Multi-Mode Instrumentation at the University of S?o Paulo....Pages 638-646
Development of a High Speed Video Cassette Data Acquisition System for the Observation of Rapid Fluctuations in Solar Flares....Pages 647-647
Front Matter....Pages 649-649
Session 9 Overview....Pages 651-652
An Automated Supernova Search and the Design and Strategy....Pages 653-662
An Overview of the Digitized Astronomy Supernovae Search Control and Image Processing Software....Pages 663-673
The Status of Berkeley’s Real-Time Supernova Search....Pages 674-680
Remote Use of the Apache Point 3.5-Meter Telescope....Pages 681-685
The Control System for the Apache Point 3.5-Meter Telescope....Pages 686-690
Pointing and Tracking Algorithms for the Keck 10-Meter Telescope....Pages 691-706
CFHT Remote Observing Possibilities....Pages 707-713
CCD TV Camera for Telescope Guiding....Pages 714-719
Fifteen Degree Correcting Optics for a 10-Meter Liquid Mirror Telescope....Pages 720-723
The Floating Boule Telescope Project....Pages 724-728
Front Matter....Pages 729-729
Introduction to Session on Equipment Available from Industry....Pages 731-731
DFM Engineering, Inc. Generation III Telescope Control System TCS 68000....Pages 732-741
A Large Area CCD Imaging System....Pages 742-748
Workshop Summary....Pages 749-751
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