Ebook: Applications of Human Performance Models to System Design

The human factors profession is currently attempting to take a more proactive role in the design of man-machine systems than has been character­ istic of its past. Realizing that human engineering contributions are needed well before the experimental evaluation of prototypes or operational systems, there is a concerted effort to develop tools that predict how humans will interact with proposed designs. This volume provides an over­ view of one category of such tools: mathematical models of human performance. It represents a collection of invited papers from a 1988 NATO Workshop. The Workshop was conceived and organized by NATO Research Study Group 9 (RSG.9) on "Modelling of Human Operator Behaviour in Weapon Systems". It represented the culmination of over five years of effort, and was attended by 139 persons from Europe, Canada, and the United States. RSG.9 was established in 1982 by Panel 8 of the Defence Research Group to accomplish the following objectives: * Determine the utility and state of the art of human performance modelling. * Encourage international research and the exchange of ideas. * Foster the practical application of modelling research. * Provide a bridge between the models and approaches adopted by engineers and behavioral scientists. * Present the findings in an international symposium.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-x
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Objectives and Organization of the Workshop....Pages 3-5
Designers’ Criteria for Choosing Human Performance Models....Pages 7-14
Front Matter....Pages 15-20
Operator Workload for Military System Acquisition....Pages 21-45
Workload Prediction, Diagnosis, and Continuing Challenges....Pages 47-63
The Development and Application of Models to Predict Operator Workload During System Design....Pages 65-80
W/INDEX: A Predictive Model of Operator Workload....Pages 81-89
A Model for Performing System Performance Analysis in Predesign....Pages 91-99
Front Matter....Pages 101-105
On the Modeling of Manual Control Tasks....Pages 107-122
Models of Human Monitoring and Decision Making in Vehicle and Process Control....Pages 123-134
Target Acquisition: Performance Measures, Process Models, and Design Implications....Pages 135-149
Modelling of Auditory Masked Thresholds in Humans....Pages 151-168
Dynamic Systems Analysis Programs with Classical and Optimal Control Applications of Human Performance Models....Pages 169-184
The Optimal Control Model for Manually Controlled Systems....Pages 185-198
Front Matter....Pages 199-202
Engineering-Based Approaches to Human Performance Modeling....Pages 203-217
Micro SAINT — A Tool for Modeling Human Performance in Systems....Pages 219-230
Analysis of a Procedure for Multiple Operator Task Performance on Submarines Using a Network Model....Pages 231-241
Application of SLAM for Modeling and Analysing Pilot’s Rule-Based Behavior on an Automated Landing Approach....Pages 243-258
Models of Multitask Situations....Pages 259-273
The Human Operator Simulator (HOS-IV)....Pages 275-280
Front Matter....Pages 281-284
Use of Crew Performance Models and the Development of Complementary Mathematical Techniques to Promote Efficient Use of Analytic Resources....Pages 285-294
Front Matter....Pages 281-284
Systematic Modeling of Multioperator Systems to Evaluate Design Concepts....Pages 295-311
METACREW: Simulating Operator Teams in a Sensor Data Processing System....Pages 313-323
Front Matter....Pages 325-330
A Survey of Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces....Pages 331-339
Applications of SAMMIE and the Development of Man Modelling....Pages 341-351
Use of Biomechanical Static Strength Models in Workspace Design....Pages 353-364
Representation of Man Using CAD Technology: User Beware....Pages 365-373
Task-Oriented Computer Animation of Human Figures....Pages 375-387
SAFEWORK: Software to Analyse and Design Workplaces....Pages 389-396
Front Matter....Pages 397-401
Selecting Learning Curve Models for Human Operator Performance....Pages 403-417
Acquisition and Retention of Skills....Pages 419-426
Human Performance Models for Training Design....Pages 427-441
Forecasting Training Device Effectiveness Using ASTAR....Pages 443-453
Normative and Descriptive Models for Training-System Design....Pages 455-467
Front Matter....Pages 469-473
Human Performance Models and System Design....Pages 475-486
Human Engineering Models: A User’s Perspective....Pages 487-500
Theory-Driven Design Research....Pages 501-509
A Test of Criteria Used to Select Human Performance Models....Pages 511-531
Front Matter....Pages 533-533
Wargaming: Applications of Human Performance Models to System Design and Military Training....Pages 535-541
Back Matter....Pages 543-557

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-x
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Objectives and Organization of the Workshop....Pages 3-5
Designers’ Criteria for Choosing Human Performance Models....Pages 7-14
Front Matter....Pages 15-20
Operator Workload for Military System Acquisition....Pages 21-45
Workload Prediction, Diagnosis, and Continuing Challenges....Pages 47-63
The Development and Application of Models to Predict Operator Workload During System Design....Pages 65-80
W/INDEX: A Predictive Model of Operator Workload....Pages 81-89
A Model for Performing System Performance Analysis in Predesign....Pages 91-99
Front Matter....Pages 101-105
On the Modeling of Manual Control Tasks....Pages 107-122
Models of Human Monitoring and Decision Making in Vehicle and Process Control....Pages 123-134
Target Acquisition: Performance Measures, Process Models, and Design Implications....Pages 135-149
Modelling of Auditory Masked Thresholds in Humans....Pages 151-168
Dynamic Systems Analysis Programs with Classical and Optimal Control Applications of Human Performance Models....Pages 169-184
The Optimal Control Model for Manually Controlled Systems....Pages 185-198
Front Matter....Pages 199-202
Engineering-Based Approaches to Human Performance Modeling....Pages 203-217
Micro SAINT — A Tool for Modeling Human Performance in Systems....Pages 219-230
Analysis of a Procedure for Multiple Operator Task Performance on Submarines Using a Network Model....Pages 231-241
Application of SLAM for Modeling and Analysing Pilot’s Rule-Based Behavior on an Automated Landing Approach....Pages 243-258
Models of Multitask Situations....Pages 259-273
The Human Operator Simulator (HOS-IV)....Pages 275-280
Front Matter....Pages 281-284
Use of Crew Performance Models and the Development of Complementary Mathematical Techniques to Promote Efficient Use of Analytic Resources....Pages 285-294
Front Matter....Pages 281-284
Systematic Modeling of Multioperator Systems to Evaluate Design Concepts....Pages 295-311
METACREW: Simulating Operator Teams in a Sensor Data Processing System....Pages 313-323
Front Matter....Pages 325-330
A Survey of Ergonomic Models of Anthropometry, Human Biomechanics, and Operator-Equipment Interfaces....Pages 331-339
Applications of SAMMIE and the Development of Man Modelling....Pages 341-351
Use of Biomechanical Static Strength Models in Workspace Design....Pages 353-364
Representation of Man Using CAD Technology: User Beware....Pages 365-373
Task-Oriented Computer Animation of Human Figures....Pages 375-387
SAFEWORK: Software to Analyse and Design Workplaces....Pages 389-396
Front Matter....Pages 397-401
Selecting Learning Curve Models for Human Operator Performance....Pages 403-417
Acquisition and Retention of Skills....Pages 419-426
Human Performance Models for Training Design....Pages 427-441
Forecasting Training Device Effectiveness Using ASTAR....Pages 443-453
Normative and Descriptive Models for Training-System Design....Pages 455-467
Front Matter....Pages 469-473
Human Performance Models and System Design....Pages 475-486
Human Engineering Models: A User’s Perspective....Pages 487-500
Theory-Driven Design Research....Pages 501-509
A Test of Criteria Used to Select Human Performance Models....Pages 511-531
Front Matter....Pages 533-533
Wargaming: Applications of Human Performance Models to System Design and Military Training....Pages 535-541
Back Matter....Pages 543-557
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