Ebook: Catalogue of Artificial Intelligence Tools

The purpose of this catalogue is to promote interaction between members of the AI' community. It will do this by announcing the existence of Ai techniques and portable software. and acting as a pOinter into the literature. Thus the AI community wili have access to a common. extensional definition of the field. which will: promote a common terminology. discourage the reinvention of wheels. and act as a clearing house for ideas and software. The cataiogue is a reference work providing a quick guide to the AI tools available for different jobs. It is not intended to be a textbook like the Artificial Intelligence Handbook. It. intentionally. only provides a brief description of each tool. with no extended discussion of the historical origin of the tool or how it has been used in particular AI programs, The focus is on techniques abstracted from their historical origins. The original version of the catalogue. was hastily built in 1983 as part of the UK SERC-Dol. IKBS. Architecture Study [lKBS Architecture Study 831. it has now been adopted by the SERC Specially Promoted Programme in IKBS and is kept as an on­ line document undergoing constant revision and refinement and published as a paperback by Springer Verlag.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XXV
2 1/2-D Sketch....Pages 1-1
A* Algorithm....Pages 1-1
ACLS: Analogue Concept Learning System....Pages 1-2
Actors....Pages 2-2
Age....Pages 2-3
Alice....Pages 3-4
Alpha/Beta Pruning....Pages 4-4
AL/X....Pages 4-5
Amord....Pages 5-5
Analogical Problem Solving....Pages 5-5
APES....Pages 5-6
ARBY....Pages 6-7
Associative Database....Pages 7-7
Augmented Transition Network....Pages 7-7
B* Algorithm....Pages 7-8
Bandpass Filter....Pages 8-8
Bayesian Inference....Pages 9-9
Bidirectional Search....Pages 9-9
Blackboard....Pages 10-10
Bottom-Up Parsing....Pages 10-11
Boundary Detection....Pages 11-11
Boyer-Moore Theorem Prover....Pages 12-12
Branch-and-Bound Algorithms....Pages 12-12
Breadth-First Parsing....Pages 12-13
Breadth-First Search....Pages 13-13
Cambridge LISP....Pages 13-14
Cascaded Augmented Transition Network....Pages 14-14
Case Frames....Pages 15-15
Cellular Arrays....Pages 15-15
Chart Parsing....Pages 15-16
CHI....Pages 16-17
Classification....Pages 17-17
Clausal Form....Pages 17-18
Common LISP....Pages 18-18
Computer Audiometry....Pages 18-19
Conceptual Dependency....Pages 19-19
Connection Machine....Pages 19-19
Conniver....Pages 19-20
Constraint Satisfaction And Propagation....Pages 20-21
Constructive Solid Geometry....Pages 21-22
Context-Free Grammar....Pages 22-23
Contour Generator....Pages 23-24
Contradiction Backtracing....Pages 24-24
Contrast Sensitivity Function....Pages 24-24
Convolution....Pages 24-25
DADO....Pages 25-25
Data-Directed Control....Pages 25-25
Default Reasoning....Pages 26-26
Definite Clause Grammars....Pages 26-26
Delayed Evaluation....Pages 26-27
Demon....Pages 27-27
Dempster-Shafer Theory....Pages 27-28
Dependency Directed Backtracking....Pages 28-28
Depth-First Parsing....Pages 28-29
Depth-First Search....Pages 29-29
Deterministic Parsing....Pages 29-30
Difference of Gaussians....Pages 30-30
Discrimination Learning....Pages 30-31
Discrimination Net....Pages 31-31
Distance Transform....Pages 31-32
Distributed Problem Solving....Pages 32-32
Dynamic Programming....Pages 32-32
Dynamic Time Warping....Pages 32-33
Earleys Algorithm....Pages 33-33
Edge Detection....Pages 33-34
Emycin....Pages 34-34
Envisioning....Pages 34-35
Expert....Pages 35-35
Fast Pattern Recognition Techniques....Pages 35-35
Finding Common Paths....Pages 36-36
Flynn Classification....Pages 36-36
Focussing....Pages 36-37
Formant....Pages 37-37
Formant Synthesis....Pages 37-37
Fortran....Pages 38-38
Forward/Backward Search....Pages 38-38
Frame....Pages 38-39
FRL....Pages 39-39
Functional Data Model....Pages 39-40
Functional Grammar....Pages 40-40
Fuzzy Relational Products....Pages 40-40
Fuzzy Set Theory....Pages 41-41
Generalised Cylinders....Pages 41-42
Generalised Hough Transform....Pages 42-43
Generative Capacity....Pages 43-43
Goal Structure....Pages 43-44
Golay Neighbourhoods....Pages 44-44
Gradient Space....Pages 44-45
Grey-Level Image....Pages 45-45
Heterarchy....Pages 45-46
Hearsay-III....Pages 46-46
Heuristic Search....Pages 46-46
Hierarchical Planning....Pages 47-47
High-Emphasis Filtering....Pages 47-47
Hook....Pages 47-48
Hope....Pages 48-48
Horn Clauses....Pages 48-49
Image Data Structures....Pages 49-49
Image Segmentation....Pages 49-50
Inference Engine Toolkit....Pages 50-50
Inferno....Pages 50-51
Interactions Between Sub-Goals....Pages 51-52
Interlisp-D....Pages 52-52
Intern Demons....Pages 52-52
Intrinsic Images....Pages 52-53
Invariant Queues....Pages 53-53
Invariant Violation Demons....Pages 54-54
Isa Hierarchy....Pages 54-54
Island Parsing....Pages 54-55
Junction Dictionary....Pages 55-55
KAS: Knowledge Acquisition System....Pages 55-55
Kinematics....Pages 56-56
KL-One/KL-Two....Pages 56-57
KRC....Pages 57-58
KRL....Pages 58-58
Laplacian....Pages 58-58
LCF....Pages 58-59
Learning from Solution Paths....Pages 59-60
Lexical Access....Pages 60-60
LIFER....Pages 60-61
Line Finding....Pages 61-61
Line Labelling....Pages 61-61
Linear Predictive Coding....Pages 61-61
Lispkit....Pages 62-62
LM....Pages 62-62
LM-GEO....Pages 62-63
Local Grey-Level Operations....Pages 63-63
Logic Machine Architecture....Pages 63-65
LOGLISP....Pages 65-65
Logo....Pages 65-65
LOOPS....Pages 65-66
MACLISP....Pages 66-67
Macro Operators....Pages 67-67
MACSYMA....Pages 67-68
Markgraf Karl Refutation Procedure....Pages 68-69
MBase....Pages 69-70
MDL....Pages 70-70
Means/Ends Analysis....Pages 70-70
Meta-Level Inference....Pages 71-72
Meta-Planning....Pages 72-72
Meta-Rules....Pages 72-73
Micro Expert....Pages 73-73
Micro-Planner....Pages 73-74
Micro-Prolog....Pages 74-74
Minimax....Pages 75-75
ML....Pages 75-75
Model Directed Search....Pages 75-76
Modulation Transfer Function....Pages 76-76
Morphographemics....Pages 76-77
MProlog....Pages 77-78
Multi-Actor System....Pages 78-78
Multi-Pulse LPC....Pages 78-79
Natural Deduction....Pages 79-79
Negation as Failure....Pages 80-80
Neighbourhood Parallelism....Pages 80-80
NIAL (Nested Interactive Array Language)....Pages 80-81
NIL....Pages 81-82
Non-Linear Planning....Pages 82-83
Non-Monotonic Reasoning....Pages 83-83
Numerically-Controlled Machine Tools....Pages 83-84
Object-Centred Co-Ordinates....Pages 84-84
One-Then-Best Backtracking....Pages 84-84
Operator Table....Pages 85-85
Operators....Pages 85-86
Opportunistic Search....Pages 86-86
OPS5....Pages 87-87
Optical Flow....Pages 87-87
Optimistic Plan Execution....Pages 87-88
Overloaded Operators....Pages 88-88
Paramodulation....Pages 88-89
Partial Evaluation....Pages 89-89
Partitioned Semantic Net....Pages 89-89
Pattern Directed Retrieval/Invocation....Pages 90-90
Pattern Matching....Pages 90-90
Perceptrons....Pages 90-91
Photometric Stereo....Pages 91-91
Pipelining....Pages 91-91
Pitch Extraction....Pages 91-92
Plan Recognition....Pages 92-92
Plan Structure....Pages 93-93
POP-2....Pages 93-94
POP-11....Pages 94-94
POPLOG....Pages 94-95
Portable Standard LISP....Pages 95-96
Postulating Intrinsic Properties....Pages 96-97
Precondition Analysis....Pages 97-97
Predictive Parsing....Pages 98-98
Procedural Attachment....Pages 98-99
Predicate Calculus....Pages 99-100
Preference Semantics....Pages 100-100
Primal Sketch....Pages 100-101
Production Rule System....Pages 101-101
Program Synthesis....Pages 101-101
Program Transformation....Pages 101-102
Programming Cliche....Pages 102-102
Prolog....Pages 102-103
Propagation in Cellular Arrays....Pages 103-103
Property Lists....Pages 104-104
Propositional Constraint Propagation....Pages 104-104
Protocol Analysis....Pages 104-105
PSI....Pages 105-105
Pyramids/Resolution Cones....Pages 105-106
QLISP/QA4....Pages 106-107
Quad Trees....Pages 107-107
RAPT....Pages 107-108
Reflectance Map....Pages 108-108
Refutation Proof....Pages 108-108
Region Finding....Pages 109-109
Relational Database Query Formulation....Pages 109-110
Relaxation Labelling....Pages 110-110
Remote Procedure Calls....Pages 111-111
Resolution....Pages 111-111
Rewrite Rules....Pages 111-112
RLL....Pages 112-112
Robmod....Pages 112-113
Robot Dynamics....Pages 113-113
Robot Programming....Pages 113-114
ROSIE....Pages 114-114
RUP....Pages 115-115
SAGE....Pages 115-116
SAIL....Pages 116-116
SASL....Pages 117-117
Script....Pages 117-118
Semantic Binary Relationship Model....Pages 118-118
Semantic Checking....Pages 119-119
Semantic Grammar....Pages 119-119
Semantic Net....Pages 120-120
Semantic Primitives....Pages 120-120
Sensory Feedback And Compliance....Pages 121-121
Shape Analysis....Pages 121-121
Shape from Shading....Pages 122-122
Shape from Texture....Pages 122-122
Situation Calculus....Pages 122-123
Skeletonisation....Pages 123-123
Skolemization....Pages 123-123
Smalltalk....Pages 123-124
Spatial Differentiation....Pages 124-124
Spatial Frequency Channels....Pages 124-125
Spelling Correction....Pages 125-125
State Space....Pages 125-126
Stereopsis....Pages 126-126
Structured Induction....Pages 126-127
Subgoaling....Pages 127-127
SYNICS....Pages 127-128
Table of Multiple Effects....Pages 128-128
Template Matching....Pages 128-129
Time Complexity of Recognition....Pages 129-129
Top-Down Parsing....Pages 129-129
T-PROLOG....Pages 129-130
Truth Maintenance System....Pages 130-131
Typed Preconditions....Pages 131-131
Unification....Pages 131-132
Units....Pages 132-132
The UT Theorem Prover....Pages 132-133
Variable-Valued Logic....Pages 133-133
Version Space....Pages 134-134
Viewer-Centred Co-ordinates....Pages 134-134
Vocoder Representation....Pages 135-135
Vole....Pages 135-135
Vowel Quadrilateral....Pages 135-135
Zero-Crossings....Pages 135-136
Zetalisp....Pages 136-136
ZMOB....Pages 136-137
ZOG....Pages 137-137
Back Matter....Pages 139-152

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XXV
2 1/2-D Sketch....Pages 1-1
A* Algorithm....Pages 1-1
ACLS: Analogue Concept Learning System....Pages 1-2
Actors....Pages 2-2
Age....Pages 2-3
Alice....Pages 3-4
Alpha/Beta Pruning....Pages 4-4
AL/X....Pages 4-5
Amord....Pages 5-5
Analogical Problem Solving....Pages 5-5
APES....Pages 5-6
ARBY....Pages 6-7
Associative Database....Pages 7-7
Augmented Transition Network....Pages 7-7
B* Algorithm....Pages 7-8
Bandpass Filter....Pages 8-8
Bayesian Inference....Pages 9-9
Bidirectional Search....Pages 9-9
Blackboard....Pages 10-10
Bottom-Up Parsing....Pages 10-11
Boundary Detection....Pages 11-11
Boyer-Moore Theorem Prover....Pages 12-12
Branch-and-Bound Algorithms....Pages 12-12
Breadth-First Parsing....Pages 12-13
Breadth-First Search....Pages 13-13
Cambridge LISP....Pages 13-14
Cascaded Augmented Transition Network....Pages 14-14
Case Frames....Pages 15-15
Cellular Arrays....Pages 15-15
Chart Parsing....Pages 15-16
CHI....Pages 16-17
Classification....Pages 17-17
Clausal Form....Pages 17-18
Common LISP....Pages 18-18
Computer Audiometry....Pages 18-19
Conceptual Dependency....Pages 19-19
Connection Machine....Pages 19-19
Conniver....Pages 19-20
Constraint Satisfaction And Propagation....Pages 20-21
Constructive Solid Geometry....Pages 21-22
Context-Free Grammar....Pages 22-23
Contour Generator....Pages 23-24
Contradiction Backtracing....Pages 24-24
Contrast Sensitivity Function....Pages 24-24
Convolution....Pages 24-25
DADO....Pages 25-25
Data-Directed Control....Pages 25-25
Default Reasoning....Pages 26-26
Definite Clause Grammars....Pages 26-26
Delayed Evaluation....Pages 26-27
Demon....Pages 27-27
Dempster-Shafer Theory....Pages 27-28
Dependency Directed Backtracking....Pages 28-28
Depth-First Parsing....Pages 28-29
Depth-First Search....Pages 29-29
Deterministic Parsing....Pages 29-30
Difference of Gaussians....Pages 30-30
Discrimination Learning....Pages 30-31
Discrimination Net....Pages 31-31
Distance Transform....Pages 31-32
Distributed Problem Solving....Pages 32-32
Dynamic Programming....Pages 32-32
Dynamic Time Warping....Pages 32-33
Earleys Algorithm....Pages 33-33
Edge Detection....Pages 33-34
Emycin....Pages 34-34
Envisioning....Pages 34-35
Expert....Pages 35-35
Fast Pattern Recognition Techniques....Pages 35-35
Finding Common Paths....Pages 36-36
Flynn Classification....Pages 36-36
Focussing....Pages 36-37
Formant....Pages 37-37
Formant Synthesis....Pages 37-37
Fortran....Pages 38-38
Forward/Backward Search....Pages 38-38
Frame....Pages 38-39
FRL....Pages 39-39
Functional Data Model....Pages 39-40
Functional Grammar....Pages 40-40
Fuzzy Relational Products....Pages 40-40
Fuzzy Set Theory....Pages 41-41
Generalised Cylinders....Pages 41-42
Generalised Hough Transform....Pages 42-43
Generative Capacity....Pages 43-43
Goal Structure....Pages 43-44
Golay Neighbourhoods....Pages 44-44
Gradient Space....Pages 44-45
Grey-Level Image....Pages 45-45
Heterarchy....Pages 45-46
Hearsay-III....Pages 46-46
Heuristic Search....Pages 46-46
Hierarchical Planning....Pages 47-47
High-Emphasis Filtering....Pages 47-47
Hook....Pages 47-48
Hope....Pages 48-48
Horn Clauses....Pages 48-49
Image Data Structures....Pages 49-49
Image Segmentation....Pages 49-50
Inference Engine Toolkit....Pages 50-50
Inferno....Pages 50-51
Interactions Between Sub-Goals....Pages 51-52
Interlisp-D....Pages 52-52
Intern Demons....Pages 52-52
Intrinsic Images....Pages 52-53
Invariant Queues....Pages 53-53
Invariant Violation Demons....Pages 54-54
Isa Hierarchy....Pages 54-54
Island Parsing....Pages 54-55
Junction Dictionary....Pages 55-55
KAS: Knowledge Acquisition System....Pages 55-55
Kinematics....Pages 56-56
KL-One/KL-Two....Pages 56-57
KRC....Pages 57-58
KRL....Pages 58-58
Laplacian....Pages 58-58
LCF....Pages 58-59
Learning from Solution Paths....Pages 59-60
Lexical Access....Pages 60-60
LIFER....Pages 60-61
Line Finding....Pages 61-61
Line Labelling....Pages 61-61
Linear Predictive Coding....Pages 61-61
Lispkit....Pages 62-62
LM....Pages 62-62
LM-GEO....Pages 62-63
Local Grey-Level Operations....Pages 63-63
Logic Machine Architecture....Pages 63-65
LOGLISP....Pages 65-65
Logo....Pages 65-65
LOOPS....Pages 65-66
MACLISP....Pages 66-67
Macro Operators....Pages 67-67
MACSYMA....Pages 67-68
Markgraf Karl Refutation Procedure....Pages 68-69
MBase....Pages 69-70
MDL....Pages 70-70
Means/Ends Analysis....Pages 70-70
Meta-Level Inference....Pages 71-72
Meta-Planning....Pages 72-72
Meta-Rules....Pages 72-73
Micro Expert....Pages 73-73
Micro-Planner....Pages 73-74
Micro-Prolog....Pages 74-74
Minimax....Pages 75-75
ML....Pages 75-75
Model Directed Search....Pages 75-76
Modulation Transfer Function....Pages 76-76
Morphographemics....Pages 76-77
MProlog....Pages 77-78
Multi-Actor System....Pages 78-78
Multi-Pulse LPC....Pages 78-79
Natural Deduction....Pages 79-79
Negation as Failure....Pages 80-80
Neighbourhood Parallelism....Pages 80-80
NIAL (Nested Interactive Array Language)....Pages 80-81
NIL....Pages 81-82
Non-Linear Planning....Pages 82-83
Non-Monotonic Reasoning....Pages 83-83
Numerically-Controlled Machine Tools....Pages 83-84
Object-Centred Co-Ordinates....Pages 84-84
One-Then-Best Backtracking....Pages 84-84
Operator Table....Pages 85-85
Operators....Pages 85-86
Opportunistic Search....Pages 86-86
OPS5....Pages 87-87
Optical Flow....Pages 87-87
Optimistic Plan Execution....Pages 87-88
Overloaded Operators....Pages 88-88
Paramodulation....Pages 88-89
Partial Evaluation....Pages 89-89
Partitioned Semantic Net....Pages 89-89
Pattern Directed Retrieval/Invocation....Pages 90-90
Pattern Matching....Pages 90-90
Perceptrons....Pages 90-91
Photometric Stereo....Pages 91-91
Pipelining....Pages 91-91
Pitch Extraction....Pages 91-92
Plan Recognition....Pages 92-92
Plan Structure....Pages 93-93
POP-2....Pages 93-94
POP-11....Pages 94-94
POPLOG....Pages 94-95
Portable Standard LISP....Pages 95-96
Postulating Intrinsic Properties....Pages 96-97
Precondition Analysis....Pages 97-97
Predictive Parsing....Pages 98-98
Procedural Attachment....Pages 98-99
Predicate Calculus....Pages 99-100
Preference Semantics....Pages 100-100
Primal Sketch....Pages 100-101
Production Rule System....Pages 101-101
Program Synthesis....Pages 101-101
Program Transformation....Pages 101-102
Programming Cliche....Pages 102-102
Prolog....Pages 102-103
Propagation in Cellular Arrays....Pages 103-103
Property Lists....Pages 104-104
Propositional Constraint Propagation....Pages 104-104
Protocol Analysis....Pages 104-105
PSI....Pages 105-105
Pyramids/Resolution Cones....Pages 105-106
QLISP/QA4....Pages 106-107
Quad Trees....Pages 107-107
RAPT....Pages 107-108
Reflectance Map....Pages 108-108
Refutation Proof....Pages 108-108
Region Finding....Pages 109-109
Relational Database Query Formulation....Pages 109-110
Relaxation Labelling....Pages 110-110
Remote Procedure Calls....Pages 111-111
Resolution....Pages 111-111
Rewrite Rules....Pages 111-112
RLL....Pages 112-112
Robmod....Pages 112-113
Robot Dynamics....Pages 113-113
Robot Programming....Pages 113-114
ROSIE....Pages 114-114
RUP....Pages 115-115
SAGE....Pages 115-116
SAIL....Pages 116-116
SASL....Pages 117-117
Script....Pages 117-118
Semantic Binary Relationship Model....Pages 118-118
Semantic Checking....Pages 119-119
Semantic Grammar....Pages 119-119
Semantic Net....Pages 120-120
Semantic Primitives....Pages 120-120
Sensory Feedback And Compliance....Pages 121-121
Shape Analysis....Pages 121-121
Shape from Shading....Pages 122-122
Shape from Texture....Pages 122-122
Situation Calculus....Pages 122-123
Skeletonisation....Pages 123-123
Skolemization....Pages 123-123
Smalltalk....Pages 123-124
Spatial Differentiation....Pages 124-124
Spatial Frequency Channels....Pages 124-125
Spelling Correction....Pages 125-125
State Space....Pages 125-126
Stereopsis....Pages 126-126
Structured Induction....Pages 126-127
Subgoaling....Pages 127-127
SYNICS....Pages 127-128
Table of Multiple Effects....Pages 128-128
Template Matching....Pages 128-129
Time Complexity of Recognition....Pages 129-129
Top-Down Parsing....Pages 129-129
T-PROLOG....Pages 129-130
Truth Maintenance System....Pages 130-131
Typed Preconditions....Pages 131-131
Unification....Pages 131-132
Units....Pages 132-132
The UT Theorem Prover....Pages 132-133
Variable-Valued Logic....Pages 133-133
Version Space....Pages 134-134
Viewer-Centred Co-ordinates....Pages 134-134
Vocoder Representation....Pages 135-135
Vole....Pages 135-135
Vowel Quadrilateral....Pages 135-135
Zero-Crossings....Pages 135-136
Zetalisp....Pages 136-136
ZMOB....Pages 136-137
ZOG....Pages 137-137
Back Matter....Pages 139-152
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