Ebook: Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach

The ability to learn is one of the most fundamental attributes of intelligent behavior. Consequently, progress in the theory and computer modeling of learn­ ing processes is of great significance to fields concerned with understanding in­ telligence. Such fields include cognitive science, artificial intelligence, infor­ mation science, pattern recognition, psychology, education, epistemology, philosophy, and related disciplines. The recent observance of the silver anniversary of artificial intelligence has been heralded by a surge of interest in machine learning-both in building models of human learning and in understanding how machines might be endowed with the ability to learn. This renewed interest has spawned many new research projects and resulted in an increase in related scientific activities. In the summer of 1980, the First Machine Learning Workshop was held at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh. In the same year, three consecutive issues of the Inter­ national Journal of Policy Analysis and Information Systems were specially devoted to machine learning (No. 2, 3 and 4, 1980). In the spring of 1981, a special issue of the SIGART Newsletter No. 76 reviewed current research projects in the field. . This book contains tutorial overviews and research papers representative of contemporary trends in the area of machine learning as viewed from an artificial intelligence perspective. As the first available text on this subject, it is intended to fulfill several needs.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
An Overview of Machine Learning....Pages 3-23
Why Should Machines Learn?....Pages 25-37
Front Matter....Pages 39-39
A Comparative Review of Selected Methods for Learning from Examples....Pages 41-81
A Theory and Methodology of Inductive Learning....Pages 83-134
Front Matter....Pages 135-135
Learning by Analogy: Formulating and Generalizing Plans from Past Experience....Pages 137-161
Learning by Experimentation: Acquiring and Refining Problem-Solving Heuristics....Pages 163-190
Acquisition of Proof Skills in Geometry....Pages 191-219
Using Proofs and Refutations to Learn from Experience....Pages 221-240
Front Matter....Pages 241-241
The Role of Heuristics in Learning by Discovery: Three Case Studies....Pages 243-306
Rediscovering Chemistry with the Bacon System....Pages 307-329
Learning from Observation: Conceptual Clustering....Pages 331-363
Front Matter....Pages 365-365
Machine Transformation of Advice Into a Heuristic Search Procedure....Pages 367-403
Learning By Being Told: Acquiring Knowledge for Information Management....Pages 405-427
The Instructible Production System: A Retrospective Analysis....Pages 429-459
Front Matter....Pages 461-461
Learning Efficient Classification Procedures and Their Application to Chess End Games....Pages 463-482
Inferring Student Models for Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction....Pages 483-510
Back Matter....Pages 511-572

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
An Overview of Machine Learning....Pages 3-23
Why Should Machines Learn?....Pages 25-37
Front Matter....Pages 39-39
A Comparative Review of Selected Methods for Learning from Examples....Pages 41-81
A Theory and Methodology of Inductive Learning....Pages 83-134
Front Matter....Pages 135-135
Learning by Analogy: Formulating and Generalizing Plans from Past Experience....Pages 137-161
Learning by Experimentation: Acquiring and Refining Problem-Solving Heuristics....Pages 163-190
Acquisition of Proof Skills in Geometry....Pages 191-219
Using Proofs and Refutations to Learn from Experience....Pages 221-240
Front Matter....Pages 241-241
The Role of Heuristics in Learning by Discovery: Three Case Studies....Pages 243-306
Rediscovering Chemistry with the Bacon System....Pages 307-329
Learning from Observation: Conceptual Clustering....Pages 331-363
Front Matter....Pages 365-365
Machine Transformation of Advice Into a Heuristic Search Procedure....Pages 367-403
Learning By Being Told: Acquiring Knowledge for Information Management....Pages 405-427
The Instructible Production System: A Retrospective Analysis....Pages 429-459
Front Matter....Pages 461-461
Learning Efficient Classification Procedures and Their Application to Chess End Games....Pages 463-482
Inferring Student Models for Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction....Pages 483-510
Back Matter....Pages 511-572
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