Ebook: Applications of Advanced Technology to Ash-Related Problems in Boilers

This book addresses the behavior of inorganic material in combustion systems. The past decade has seen unprecedented improvements in understanding the rates and mecha­ nisms of inorganic transformations and in developing analytical tools to predict them. These tools range from improved fuel analysis procedures to predictive computer codes. While this progress has been met with great enthusiasm within the research community, the practices of the industrial community remain largely unchanged. The papers in this book were selected from those presented at an Engineering Foundation Conference of the same title. All have been peer reviewed. The intent of the conference was to illustrate the application of advanced technology to ash-related problems in boilers and, by so doing, engage the research and industrial communities in more productive dialog. Those attending the conference generally felt that we were successful on these counts. We also engaged the industrial community to a greater extent than ever before in the conference discussion and presentation. We hope these proceedings will facilitate a continued and improved interaction between industrial and research communities. Behavior of inorganic material has long been recognized as one of the major considerations affecting the design and operation of boilers that burn ash-producing fuels. The practical problems associated with the behavior are sometimes catastrophic and spec­ tacular, ranging from major slag falls that damage the bottom of furnaces to complete plugging of convection passes.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-x
Ash Formation, Deposition, Corrosion, and Erosion in Conventional Boilers....Pages 1-15
Research Needs of the Power Industry....Pages 17-25
Evolutionary Changes in Furnace Combustion Conditions Which Affect Ash Deposition in Modern Boilers....Pages 27-39
The UK Collaborative Research Programme on Slagging Pulverised Coal-Fired Boilers: Summary of Findings....Pages 41-65
Ash Deposit Properties and Radiative Transfer in Coal Fired Plant — Current Understanding and New Developments....Pages 67-82
Rates and Mechanisms of Strength Development in Low-Temperature Ash Deposits....Pages 83-96
Deposit Formation during the Co-Combustion of Coal-Biomass Blends....Pages 97-116
Quantification of Deposit Formation Rates as Functions of Operating Conditions and Fraction of Biomass Fuel Used in a Converted PC Boiler (100 MW)....Pages 117-127
In Situ Measurements of Boiler Ash Deposit Emissivity and Temperature in a Pilot-Scale Combustion Facility....Pages 129-140
Erosion-Oxidation of Carbon Steel and Deposition of Particles on a Tube during Combustion of Coal-Based Fuels in an Industrial Boiler....Pages 141-159
Laboratory Measurements of Alkali Metal Containing Vapors Released during Biomass Combustion....Pages 161-185
An Improved Ash Fusion Test....Pages 187-200
An Assessment of Coal-Ash Slagging Propensity Using an Entrained Flow Reactor....Pages 201-222
Mechanisms of Ash Fouling during Low-Rank Coal Combustion....Pages 223-235
Correlating the Slagging of a Utility Boiler with Coal Characteristics....Pages 237-244
Excluded / Included Mineral Matter and Its Size Distribution Relative Significance on Slagging and Fouling Characteristics....Pages 245-264
Studies on Ash Species Release during the Pyrolysis of Solid Fuels with a Heated Grid Reactor....Pages 265-280
Iron Oxidation State and Its Effect on Ash Particle Stickiness....Pages 281-292
Investigation of Mechanisms for the Formation of Ash Deposits for Two Powder River Basin Coals....Pages 293-308
Characterization of Ash Deposit Structure from Planar Sections: Results and Challenges....Pages 309-324
Danish Collaborative Project on Mineral Transformations and Ash Deposition in PF-Fired Boilers and Related Research Projects....Pages 325-334
Emittance of Layers of Uniform Ash-Like Slag Particles: Spectral Nature and Effects of Particle Size, Composition, and Heating....Pages 335-351
Agglomeration and Defluidization in FBC of Biomass Fuels — Mechanisms and Measures for Prevention....Pages 353-366
Utilization of Estonian Oil Shale at Power Plants....Pages 367-381
Characterization of Biomass Ashes....Pages 383-398
The Safety and Economics of High Ash Anthracite Fired Mixing with Petroleum-Coke in Pulverized Coal-Fired Furnace....Pages 399-407
Alkali Salt Ash Formation During Black Liquor Combustion at Kraft Recovery Boilers....Pages 409-423
Effect of Environment Atmosphere on the Sintering of Thai Lignite Fly Ashes....Pages 425-435
Ash Transformations in the Real-Scale Pulverized Coal Combustion of South African and Colombian Coals....Pages 437-449
Modeling of Ash Deposition in the Convective Pass of a Coal-Fired Boiler....Pages 451-470
The Structure of Submicron Ash from Combustion of Pulverized South African and Colombian Coals....Pages 471-484
The Effect of Operation Conditions on Slagging....Pages 485-493
Neural Network Predictions of Slagging and Fouling in Pulverized Coal-Fired Utility Boilers....Pages 495-512
Slagging and Fouling Propensity: Full-Scale Tests at Two Power Stations in Western Denmark....Pages 513-527
Investigation of Some Slagging Problems at the Rigs....Pages 529-539
Coal Ash Fusion Temperatures — New Characterisation Techniques, and Associations with Phase Equilibria....Pages 541-556
Slagging Prediction When Using the Chemical Composition of Fly Particles and the Slagging Probability Model....Pages 557-565
Slagging: Problem Definition....Pages 567-577
Modelling Fly Ash Generation for UK Power Station Coals....Pages 579-589
Modelling Ash Deposition during the Combustion of Low Grade Fuels....Pages 591-615
Development of Fireside Performance Indices for Coal-Fired Utility Boilers....Pages 617-636
Prediction of Ash Deposition in Pulverised Coal Combustion Systems....Pages 637-664
Back Matter....Pages 665-666

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-x
Ash Formation, Deposition, Corrosion, and Erosion in Conventional Boilers....Pages 1-15
Research Needs of the Power Industry....Pages 17-25
Evolutionary Changes in Furnace Combustion Conditions Which Affect Ash Deposition in Modern Boilers....Pages 27-39
The UK Collaborative Research Programme on Slagging Pulverised Coal-Fired Boilers: Summary of Findings....Pages 41-65
Ash Deposit Properties and Radiative Transfer in Coal Fired Plant — Current Understanding and New Developments....Pages 67-82
Rates and Mechanisms of Strength Development in Low-Temperature Ash Deposits....Pages 83-96
Deposit Formation during the Co-Combustion of Coal-Biomass Blends....Pages 97-116
Quantification of Deposit Formation Rates as Functions of Operating Conditions and Fraction of Biomass Fuel Used in a Converted PC Boiler (100 MW)....Pages 117-127
In Situ Measurements of Boiler Ash Deposit Emissivity and Temperature in a Pilot-Scale Combustion Facility....Pages 129-140
Erosion-Oxidation of Carbon Steel and Deposition of Particles on a Tube during Combustion of Coal-Based Fuels in an Industrial Boiler....Pages 141-159
Laboratory Measurements of Alkali Metal Containing Vapors Released during Biomass Combustion....Pages 161-185
An Improved Ash Fusion Test....Pages 187-200
An Assessment of Coal-Ash Slagging Propensity Using an Entrained Flow Reactor....Pages 201-222
Mechanisms of Ash Fouling during Low-Rank Coal Combustion....Pages 223-235
Correlating the Slagging of a Utility Boiler with Coal Characteristics....Pages 237-244
Excluded / Included Mineral Matter and Its Size Distribution Relative Significance on Slagging and Fouling Characteristics....Pages 245-264
Studies on Ash Species Release during the Pyrolysis of Solid Fuels with a Heated Grid Reactor....Pages 265-280
Iron Oxidation State and Its Effect on Ash Particle Stickiness....Pages 281-292
Investigation of Mechanisms for the Formation of Ash Deposits for Two Powder River Basin Coals....Pages 293-308
Characterization of Ash Deposit Structure from Planar Sections: Results and Challenges....Pages 309-324
Danish Collaborative Project on Mineral Transformations and Ash Deposition in PF-Fired Boilers and Related Research Projects....Pages 325-334
Emittance of Layers of Uniform Ash-Like Slag Particles: Spectral Nature and Effects of Particle Size, Composition, and Heating....Pages 335-351
Agglomeration and Defluidization in FBC of Biomass Fuels — Mechanisms and Measures for Prevention....Pages 353-366
Utilization of Estonian Oil Shale at Power Plants....Pages 367-381
Characterization of Biomass Ashes....Pages 383-398
The Safety and Economics of High Ash Anthracite Fired Mixing with Petroleum-Coke in Pulverized Coal-Fired Furnace....Pages 399-407
Alkali Salt Ash Formation During Black Liquor Combustion at Kraft Recovery Boilers....Pages 409-423
Effect of Environment Atmosphere on the Sintering of Thai Lignite Fly Ashes....Pages 425-435
Ash Transformations in the Real-Scale Pulverized Coal Combustion of South African and Colombian Coals....Pages 437-449
Modeling of Ash Deposition in the Convective Pass of a Coal-Fired Boiler....Pages 451-470
The Structure of Submicron Ash from Combustion of Pulverized South African and Colombian Coals....Pages 471-484
The Effect of Operation Conditions on Slagging....Pages 485-493
Neural Network Predictions of Slagging and Fouling in Pulverized Coal-Fired Utility Boilers....Pages 495-512
Slagging and Fouling Propensity: Full-Scale Tests at Two Power Stations in Western Denmark....Pages 513-527
Investigation of Some Slagging Problems at the Rigs....Pages 529-539
Coal Ash Fusion Temperatures — New Characterisation Techniques, and Associations with Phase Equilibria....Pages 541-556
Slagging Prediction When Using the Chemical Composition of Fly Particles and the Slagging Probability Model....Pages 557-565
Slagging: Problem Definition....Pages 567-577
Modelling Fly Ash Generation for UK Power Station Coals....Pages 579-589
Modelling Ash Deposition during the Combustion of Low Grade Fuels....Pages 591-615
Development of Fireside Performance Indices for Coal-Fired Utility Boilers....Pages 617-636
Prediction of Ash Deposition in Pulverised Coal Combustion Systems....Pages 637-664
Back Matter....Pages 665-666
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