Ebook: Risk Analysis in the Private Sector

The theme of this volume--risk analysis in the private sector--reflects a changing emphasis in risk analysis. Until re­ cently, attention has been focused on risk analyses conducted in support of federal regulatory decision making. Such analyses have been used to help set safety standards, to illuminate issues of regulatory concern, and to evaluate regulatory alternatives. As this volume indicates, however, risk analysis encompasses a broader set of activities. Analyses performed by private sector institutions aimed at preventing or reducing potential adverse health or environmental effects also play an important part in societal risk management. In virtually all societies, there have been strong incentives for the private sector to conduct such analyses. These incentives range from moral or altruistic norms and values to simple self-interest based on fear of monetary loss, possible civil or criminal litigation, or punitive or restrictive government action. The papers in this volume address the overall theme from a variety of perspectives. Specifically, the papers represent con­ tributions from such diverse fields as toxicology, epidemiology, chemistry, biology, engineering, statistics, decision analysis, economics, psychology, philosophy, and the law.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-x
Chemical Risk Management: Introduction....Pages 1-2
A Generic Environmental Health Risk Model for Ranking the Toxic By-Products of Energy Systems....Pages 3-14
Private Sector Response Patterns to Risks from Chemicals....Pages 15-32
The Control of the Use Pattern and the Life of Metals for Risk Management: The Case of Lead....Pages 33-56
Acceptable Levels of Risk in Setting Chemical Standards....Pages 57-66
Integrated Risk Index System....Pages 67-85
Occupational Risk Analysis: Introduction....Pages 87-92
Occupational Health and Safety Risk Analysis for Oil Shale....Pages 93-104
Quantitative Risk Assessment for Inorganic Arsenic: Determining a Significant Risk....Pages 105-120
Analysis of Agency Estimates of Risk for Carcinogenic Agents....Pages 121-139
A Training Program on Hazardous Materials for Non-Scientists....Pages 141-147
Inorganic Arsenic: Importance of Accurate Exposure Characterization for Risk Assessment....Pages 149-163
Lower-Bound Benefits of Air Pollution Reductions in the Munich Metropolitan Area (MMA)....Pages 165-176
Environmental Risk Assessment in the Energy Field: Issues and Application to Policy....Pages 177-188
Risk Management in Household Detergent Control....Pages 189-206
Ethics and Values in Risk Analysis: Introduction....Pages 207-208
Product Liability: When does the Individual Assume the Risk?....Pages 209-215
Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis....Pages 217-231
Legitimating Private Sector Risk Analysis: A U.S.-European Comparison....Pages 233-242
Are Regulations Needed to Hold Experts Accountable for Contributing “Biased” Briefs of Reports that Affect Public Policies....Pages 243-256
Protecting Workers, Protecting Publics: The Ethics of Differential Protection....Pages 257-269
The Chemical Industry’s View of Risk Assessment....Pages 271-284
Risk Analysis and Risk Management....Pages 285-296
Dietary Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens: Oxygen Radicals and Degenerative Diseases....Pages 297-321
Institutional Initiatives for Risk Management....Pages 323-325
Risk Assessment: The Reality of Uncertainty....Pages 327-336
The Statistical Correlation Model for Common Cause Failures....Pages 337-352
Turbine Rotor Reliability: A Probability Model for Brittle Fracture....Pages 353-375
A Guide for Reliability and Maintainability Data Acquisition....Pages 377-384
The Application of Risk-Based Cost-Benefit Analysis in the Assessment of Acceptable Public Safety for Nuclear Power Plants....Pages 385-400
Insurance Market Assessment of Technological Risks....Pages 401-416
The “Third Mode”: Technology Regulation by Insurance....Pages 417-428
Environmental Impairment Liability (EIL) Insurance Risk Assessment Surveys....Pages 429-434
Risk Compensation, Behavior Choice, and the Enforcement of Drunk Driving Statutes....Pages 435-449
Cognitive Maps of Risk and Benefit Perceptions....Pages 451-468
Warning Systems and Risk Reduction....Pages 469-482
On Determining Public Acceptability of Risk....Pages 483-504
Back Matter....Pages 505-506

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-x
Chemical Risk Management: Introduction....Pages 1-2
A Generic Environmental Health Risk Model for Ranking the Toxic By-Products of Energy Systems....Pages 3-14
Private Sector Response Patterns to Risks from Chemicals....Pages 15-32
The Control of the Use Pattern and the Life of Metals for Risk Management: The Case of Lead....Pages 33-56
Acceptable Levels of Risk in Setting Chemical Standards....Pages 57-66
Integrated Risk Index System....Pages 67-85
Occupational Risk Analysis: Introduction....Pages 87-92
Occupational Health and Safety Risk Analysis for Oil Shale....Pages 93-104
Quantitative Risk Assessment for Inorganic Arsenic: Determining a Significant Risk....Pages 105-120
Analysis of Agency Estimates of Risk for Carcinogenic Agents....Pages 121-139
A Training Program on Hazardous Materials for Non-Scientists....Pages 141-147
Inorganic Arsenic: Importance of Accurate Exposure Characterization for Risk Assessment....Pages 149-163
Lower-Bound Benefits of Air Pollution Reductions in the Munich Metropolitan Area (MMA)....Pages 165-176
Environmental Risk Assessment in the Energy Field: Issues and Application to Policy....Pages 177-188
Risk Management in Household Detergent Control....Pages 189-206
Ethics and Values in Risk Analysis: Introduction....Pages 207-208
Product Liability: When does the Individual Assume the Risk?....Pages 209-215
Three Types of Risk Assessment: A Methodological Analysis....Pages 217-231
Legitimating Private Sector Risk Analysis: A U.S.-European Comparison....Pages 233-242
Are Regulations Needed to Hold Experts Accountable for Contributing “Biased” Briefs of Reports that Affect Public Policies....Pages 243-256
Protecting Workers, Protecting Publics: The Ethics of Differential Protection....Pages 257-269
The Chemical Industry’s View of Risk Assessment....Pages 271-284
Risk Analysis and Risk Management....Pages 285-296
Dietary Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens: Oxygen Radicals and Degenerative Diseases....Pages 297-321
Institutional Initiatives for Risk Management....Pages 323-325
Risk Assessment: The Reality of Uncertainty....Pages 327-336
The Statistical Correlation Model for Common Cause Failures....Pages 337-352
Turbine Rotor Reliability: A Probability Model for Brittle Fracture....Pages 353-375
A Guide for Reliability and Maintainability Data Acquisition....Pages 377-384
The Application of Risk-Based Cost-Benefit Analysis in the Assessment of Acceptable Public Safety for Nuclear Power Plants....Pages 385-400
Insurance Market Assessment of Technological Risks....Pages 401-416
The “Third Mode”: Technology Regulation by Insurance....Pages 417-428
Environmental Impairment Liability (EIL) Insurance Risk Assessment Surveys....Pages 429-434
Risk Compensation, Behavior Choice, and the Enforcement of Drunk Driving Statutes....Pages 435-449
Cognitive Maps of Risk and Benefit Perceptions....Pages 451-468
Warning Systems and Risk Reduction....Pages 469-482
On Determining Public Acceptability of Risk....Pages 483-504
Back Matter....Pages 505-506
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