Ebook: Instrumentation Between Science, State and Industry

these. In this book, we appropriate their conception of research-technology, and ex­ tend it to many other phenomena which are less stable and less localized in time and space than the Zeeman/Cotton situation. In the following pages, we use the concept for instances where research activities are orientated primarily toward technologies which facilitate both the production of scientific knowledge and the production of other goods. In particular, we use the tenn for instances where instruments and meth­ ods· traverse numerous geographic and institutional boundaries; that is, fields dis­ tinctly different and distant from the instruments' and methods' initial focus. We suggest that instruments such as the ultra-centrifuge, and the trajectories of the men who devise such artefacts, diverge in an interesting way from other fonns of artefacts and careers in science, metrology and engineering with which students of science and technology are more familiar. The instrument systems developed by re­ search-technologists strike us as especially general, open-ended, and flexible. When tailored effectively, research-technology instruments potentially fit into many niches and serve a host of unrelated applications. Their multi-functional character distin­ guishes them from many other devices which are designed to address specific, nar­ rowly defined problems in a circumscribed arena in and outside of science. Research­ technology activities link universities, industry, public and private research or me­ trology establishments, instrument-making finns, consulting companies, the military, and metrological agencies. Research-technology practitioners do not follow the career path of the traditional academic or engineering professional.

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This book explores a little-studied arena that exists between science and technology, an arena in which a singular and important variety of open-ended, multi-purpose instrumentation is developed by practitioners (neither scientist nor engineer, call them research-technologists) for use in academia, industry, state metrology and technical services, and considerably beyond. The generic instrumentation designed in this almost subterraneously institutionalized/professionalized, interstitial arena fuels both science and engineering work. This involves intermittent crossings of the boundaries that demarcate and protect the conventional cognitive and artefact cultures familiar to many historians and sociologists. Research-technologists thereby comprise a distinctive (but never distinct) transverse science and technology culture that generates a species of pragmatic universality, which in turn provides multiple and diversified audiences with a common repertory of vocabularies, notational systems, images, and perhaps even paradigms. Research-technology practitioners deliver a lingua franca that contributes to cognitive, material, and social cohesion. Research-technology is about the complementarity between boundary-crossing and the stability/maintenance of boundaries.

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This book explores a little-studied arena that exists between science and technology, an arena in which a singular and important variety of open-ended, multi-purpose instrumentation is developed by practitioners (neither scientist nor engineer, call them research-technologists) for use in academia, industry, state metrology and technical services, and considerably beyond. The generic instrumentation designed in this almost subterraneously institutionalized/professionalized, interstitial arena fuels both science and engineering work. This involves intermittent crossings of the boundaries that demarcate and protect the conventional cognitive and artefact cultures familiar to many historians and sociologists. Research-technologists thereby comprise a distinctive (but never distinct) transverse science and technology culture that generates a species of pragmatic universality, which in turn provides multiple and diversified audiences with a common repertory of vocabularies, notational systems, images, and perhaps even paradigms. Research-technology practitioners deliver a lingua franca that contributes to cognitive, material, and social cohesion. Research-technology is about the complementarity between boundary-crossing and the stability/maintenance of boundaries.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-ix
A Fresh Look at Instrumentation an Introduction....Pages 1-13
Front Matter....Pages 15-15
From Theodolite to Spectral Apparatus: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the Invention of a German Optical Research-Technology....Pages 17-28
The Research-Technology Matrix: German Origins, 1860–1900....Pages 29-48
Front Matter....Pages 49-49
Displacing Radioactivity....Pages 51-68
Strange Cooperations The U.S. Research-Technology Perspective, 1900–1955....Pages 69-95
Mediating Between Plant Science and Plant Breeding: The Role of Research-Technology....Pages 97-118
Front Matter....Pages 119-119
In Search of Space: Fourier Spectroscopy 1950–1970....Pages 121-141
Putting Isotopes to Work: Liquid Scintillation Counters, 1950–1970....Pages 143-174
Making Mice and Other Devices: The Dynamics of Instrumentation in American Biomedical Research (1930–1960)....Pages 175-196
Front Matter....Pages 197-197
From Dynamometers to Simulations: Transforming Brake Testing Technology into Antilock Braking Systems....Pages 199-218
From the Laboratory to the Market: The Metrological Arenas of Research-Technology....Pages 219-238
Front Matter....Pages 239-239
Research-Technology in Historical Perspective: An Attempt at Reconstruction....Pages 241-248
Back Matter....Pages 249-272

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This book explores a little-studied arena that exists between science and technology, an arena in which a singular and important variety of open-ended, multi-purpose instrumentation is developed by practitioners (neither scientist nor engineer, call them research-technologists) for use in academia, industry, state metrology and technical services, and considerably beyond. The generic instrumentation designed in this almost subterraneously institutionalized/professionalized, interstitial arena fuels both science and engineering work. This involves intermittent crossings of the boundaries that demarcate and protect the conventional cognitive and artefact cultures familiar to many historians and sociologists. Research-technologists thereby comprise a distinctive (but never distinct) transverse science and technology culture that generates a species of pragmatic universality, which in turn provides multiple and diversified audiences with a common repertory of vocabularies, notational systems, images, and perhaps even paradigms. Research-technology practitioners deliver a lingua franca that contributes to cognitive, material, and social cohesion. Research-technology is about the complementarity between boundary-crossing and the stability/maintenance of boundaries.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-ix
A Fresh Look at Instrumentation an Introduction....Pages 1-13
Front Matter....Pages 15-15
From Theodolite to Spectral Apparatus: Joseph von Fraunhofer and the Invention of a German Optical Research-Technology....Pages 17-28
The Research-Technology Matrix: German Origins, 1860–1900....Pages 29-48
Front Matter....Pages 49-49
Displacing Radioactivity....Pages 51-68
Strange Cooperations The U.S. Research-Technology Perspective, 1900–1955....Pages 69-95
Mediating Between Plant Science and Plant Breeding: The Role of Research-Technology....Pages 97-118
Front Matter....Pages 119-119
In Search of Space: Fourier Spectroscopy 1950–1970....Pages 121-141
Putting Isotopes to Work: Liquid Scintillation Counters, 1950–1970....Pages 143-174
Making Mice and Other Devices: The Dynamics of Instrumentation in American Biomedical Research (1930–1960)....Pages 175-196
Front Matter....Pages 197-197
From Dynamometers to Simulations: Transforming Brake Testing Technology into Antilock Braking Systems....Pages 199-218
From the Laboratory to the Market: The Metrological Arenas of Research-Technology....Pages 219-238
Front Matter....Pages 239-239
Research-Technology in Historical Perspective: An Attempt at Reconstruction....Pages 241-248
Back Matter....Pages 249-272
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