Ebook: Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes 2: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance

During the past two decades, a significant international research effort has been di­ rected toward understanding the composition and regulation of the preocular tear film. This effort has been motivated by the recognition that the tear film plays an essential role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting against microbial challenge, and preserving visual acuity. In addition, research has been stimulated by the knowledge that alteration or deficiency of the tear film, which occurs in countless individuals throughout the world, may lead to desiccation of the ocular surface, ulceration and perfo­ ration of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and, potentially, pro­ nounced visual disability and blindness. To promote further progress in this field of vision research, the Second International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance was held at the Southampton Princess Resort in Bermuda November 16-19, 1996. This conference was organized and directed by David A. Sullivan, Ph. D. , codirected by Darlene A. Dartt, Ph. D. , and Michele A. Meneray, Ph. D. , and sponsored by the Schepens Eye Research Institute (Boston, MA), an affiliate of Harvard Medical School. The meeting was designed to assess critically the current knowledge and "state of the art" research on the structure and function of lacrimal tissue, tears, and the ocular sur­ face in both health and disease.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xxiii
A Clinician Looks at the Tearfilm....Pages 1-9
Influence of Gender, Sex Steroid Hormones, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis on the Structure and Function of the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 11-42
Androgen-Regulated Transcription in the Epithelium of the Rat Lacrimal Gland....Pages 43-48
Gene Cloning of BM180, a Lacrimal Gland Enriched Basement Membrane Protein with a Role in Stimulated Secretion....Pages 49-54
Sensory Denervation Leads to Deregulated Protein Synthesis in the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 55-62
Acinar Cell Basal-Lateral Membrane—Endomembrane Traffic May Mediate Interactions with Both T Cells and B Cells....Pages 63-68
Tissue Expression of Tear Lipocalin in Humans....Pages 69-73
The Exorbital Lacrimal Glands of the Rat are Tensed in Situ....Pages 75-80
Aberrant Lacrimal Gland Development in an Anophthalmic Mutant Strain of Rat....Pages 81-84
Hormonal Influences on Syrian Hamster Lacrimal Gland....Pages 85-88
Androgen Support of Lacrimal Gland Function in the Female Rabbit....Pages 89-93
Identification and Hormonal Control of Sex Steroid Receptors in the Eye....Pages 95-100
Dinucleotide Repeat Polymorphism Near the Tear Lipocalin Gene....Pages 101-103
Studies of Ligand Binding and CD Analysis with Apo- and Holo-Tear Lipocalins....Pages 105-112
Signal Transduction Pathways Activated by Cholinergic and ?1-Adrenergic Agonists in the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 113-121
Calcium Signalling in Lacrimal Acinar Cells....Pages 123-128
Voltage- and Ca2+-Dependent Chloride Current Activated by Hyposmotic and Hyperosmotic Stress in Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Acinar Cells....Pages 129-132
G Protein Coupling of Receptor Activation to Lacrimal Secretion....Pages 133-138
Microtubules and Intracellular Traffic of Secretory Proteins in Rat Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands....Pages 139-144
Effects of Neuropeptides on Serotonin Release and Protein and Peroxidase Secretion in the Isolated Rat Lacrimal Gland....Pages 145-151
Analysis of Phosphodiesterase Isoenzymes in the Ocular Glands of the Rabbit....Pages 153-156
Immunohistochemistry and Secretory Effects of Leucine Enkephalin in the Isolated Pig Lacrimal Gland....Pages 157-161
Interaction between Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the Isolated Rat Lacrimal Gland....Pages 163-167
Identification and Cellular Localization of the Components of the VIP Signaling Pathway in the Lacrimal Gland....Pages 169-176
Kinesin Activation Drives the Retrieval of Secretory Membranes Following Secretion in Rabbit Lacrimal Acinar Cells....Pages 177-180
Protein Kinase C Isoforms Differentially Control Lacrimal Gland Functions....Pages 181-186
Role of Protein Kinases in Regulation of Apical Secretion and Basal-Lateral Membrane Recycling Traffic in Reconstituted Rabbit Lacrimal Gland Acini....Pages 187-190
Brefeldin a Detoxification in Rat Extraorbital Lacrimal Glands....Pages 191-195
Identification and Characterization of G Proteins in the Mammalian Lacrimal Gland....Pages 197-203
Inward-Rectifying Potassium Channels in the Rabbit Superior Lacrimal Gland....Pages 205-208
Electrophysiological Evidence for Reduced Water Flow from Lacrimal Gland Acinar Epithelium of NZB/NFW F1 Mice....Pages 209-219
Cellular Origin of Mucins of the Ocular Surface Tear Film....Pages 221-227
Soluble Mucin and the Physical Properties of Tears....Pages 229-234
Characterization and Origin of Major High-Molecular-Weight Tear Sialoglycoproteins....Pages 235-238
Detection and Quantification of Conjunctival Mucins....Pages 239-246
Mucous Contribution to Rat Tear-Film Thickness Measured with a Microelectrode Technique....Pages 247-252
Structural Analysis of Secreted Ocular Mucins in Canine Dry Eye....Pages 253-263
Corneal Epithelial Tight Junctions and the Localization of Surface Mucin....Pages 265-271
Breakup and Dewetting of the Corneal Mucus Layer....Pages 273-280
The Meibomian Glands and Tear Film Lipids....Pages 281-295
Tear Film Interferometry as a Diagnostic Tool for Evaluating Normal and Dry-Eye Tear Film....Pages 297-303
Human and Rabbit Lipid Layer and Interference Pattern Observations....Pages 305-308
Abnormal Lipid Layers....Pages 309-313
Association of Tear Lipid Layer Interference Patterns with Superficial Punctate Keratopathy....Pages 315-317
Meibomian Secretions in Chronic Blepharitis....Pages 319-326
Androgen Regulation of the Meibomian Gland....Pages 327-331
Delivery of Meibominn Oil Using the Clinical Meibometer®....Pages 333-338
Volume of the Human and Rabbit Meibomian Gland System....Pages 339-343
Effect of Meibomian Gland Occlusion on Tear Film Lipid Layer Thickness....Pages 345-348
Meibomian Gland Lipids, Evaporation, and Tear Film Stability....Pages 349-360
Surface-Chemical Pathways of the Tear Film Breakup....Pages 361-370
The Biophysical Role in Tear Regulation....Pages 371-380
Longitudinal Analysis of Precorneal Tear Film Rupture Patterns....Pages 381-389
The Role of Tear Proteins in Tear Film Stability in the Dry Eye Patient and in the Rabbit....Pages 391-400
Relationship Between Pre-Ocular Tear Film Structure and Stability....Pages 401-405
Association of Precorneal and Preconjunctival Tear Film....Pages 407-410
Age and Gender Effects on the Normal Tear Film....Pages 411-415
The Kinetics of Lid Motion and its Effects on the Tear Film....Pages 417-424
Hydrodynamics of Meniscus-Induced Thinning of the Tear Film....Pages 425-431
Computer-Assisted Calculation of Exposed Area of the Human Eye....Pages 433-439
Cytokines....Pages 441-446
Gender- and Androgen-Related Impact on the Expression of Proto-Oncogenes and Apoptotic Factors in Lacrimal and Salivary Glands of Mouse Models of Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 447-452
Apoptosis in the Lacrimal Gland and Conjunctiva of Dry Eye Dogs....Pages 453-460
Cytokines and Tear Function in Ocular Surface Disease....Pages 461-469
Chemokine Production in Conjunctival Epithelial Cells....Pages 471-478
Molecular Basis and Role of Differential Cytokine Production in T Helper Cell Subsets in Immunologic Disease....Pages 479-484
Presence and Testosterone Influence on the Levels of Anti- and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Lacrimal Tissues of a Mouse Model of Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 485-491
Infiltrating Lymphocyte Populations and Cytokine Production in the Salivary and Lacrimal Glands of Autoimmune NOD Mice....Pages 493-497
Do Cytokines Have a Role in the Regulation of Lacrimal Gland Acinar Cell Ion Transport and Protein Secretion?....Pages 499-503
The Rat Exorbital Lacrimal Gland as a Site of Synthesis of EGF-Like Growth Factors....Pages 505-510
The Distribution of FGF-2 and TGF-? Within the Lacrimal Gland of Rabbits....Pages 511-514
Tear Fluid Changes after Photorefractive Keratectomy....Pages 515-521
Time Course of Apoptosis in Lacrimal Gland after Rabbit Ovariectomy....Pages 523-526
Co-Expression of BCL-2 and CD44S in Basal Layers of Human Ocular Surface Epithelia....Pages 527-531
Alterations of Ocular Surface Gene Expression in Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 533-536
Growth Factor Interaction with Contact Lenses: Evidence for and Possible Effects of Storage of Basic FGF in Contact Lenses....Pages 537-540
Neural, Endocrine, and Immune System Interactions....Pages 541-549
Inductive Sites for Rat Tear IgA Antibody Responses....Pages 551-556
Anatomy of Mammalian Conjunctival Lymphoepithelium....Pages 557-565
Binding of a Cytopathic or an Invasive Strain of p. Aeruginosa to Cytoskeletal, Basement Membrane, or Matrix Proteins of Wounded Cornea is Similar and does not Rely on Interaction with Actin Filaments....Pages 567-574
Secretory IgA Responses on the Human Ocular Surface....Pages 575-581
A Method to Study Induction of Autoimmunity in Vitro: Co-Culture of Lacrimal Cells and Autologous Immune System Cells....Pages 583-589
Rat Lacrimal Glands Contain Activated and Resting Mature T Cells, Recent Thymic Emigrants, and Possibly Extrathymic Populations....Pages 591-598
Immunohistochemical Examination of Lacrimal Gland Tissue from Patients with Ocular Sarcoidosis....Pages 599-602
Immunoglobulin Levels in the Tears of Patients with Corneal Grafts and Transplant Rejection....Pages 603-609
Tear Fluid Influence on the Ocular Surface....Pages 611-617
Effects of Lacrimal Gland Removal on Squirrel Monkey Cornea....Pages 619-624
Lacrimal Gland Growth Factors and Receptors: Lacrimal Fibroblastic Cells are a Source of Tear HGF....Pages 625-628
Clusterin may be Essential for Maintaining Ocular Surface Epithelium as a Non-Keratinizing Epithelium....Pages 629-635
Effects of Chronic Hypertonic Stress on Regulatory Volume Increase and Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter Expression in Cultured Corneal Epithelial Cells....Pages 637-642
A Unified Theory of the Role of the Ocular Surface in Dry Eye....Pages 643-651
Small-Volume Analysis of Rabbit Tears and Effects of a Corneal Wound on Tear Protein Spectra....Pages 653-658
31–27 kDa Caseinolytic Protease in Human Tears....Pages 659-664
Tear Protein Levels Following Punctal Plugging....Pages 665-667
Characterization of Cells Shed from the Ocular Surface in Normal Eyes....Pages 669-674
Healing Effect of Sodium-Sucrose-Octasulfate and EGF on Epithelial Corneal Abrasions in Rabbits....Pages 675-681
A Novel Approach to Resolve Cellular Volume Responses to an Anisotonic Challenge....Pages 683-686
Classification of Artificial Tears....Pages 687-692
Classification of Artificial Tears....Pages 693-704
The Ocular Surface, the Tear Film, and the Wettability of Contact Lenses....Pages 705-715
Conjunctival Permeability and Ultrastructure....Pages 717-722
Preservative Effect on Epithelial Barrier Function Measured with a Novel Technique....Pages 723-730
Video Biomicroscopy of the Tear Film....Pages 731-735
Patient-Dependent and Material-Dependent Factors in Contact Lens Deposition Processes....Pages 737-743
Effectiveness of Bion Tears, Cellufresh, Aquasite, and Refresh Plus for Moderate to Severe Dry Eye....Pages 745-751
Ocular Residence Time of Carboxymethylcellulose Solutions....Pages 753-760
Vitronectin Adsorption in Contact Lens Surfaces During Wear....Pages 761-767
Hyaluronan in Dry Eye and Contact Lens Wearers....Pages 769-773
Epidemiology and Classification of Dry Eye....Pages 775-784
Candees....Pages 785-790
Sensitivity and Specificity of a Screening Questionnaire for Dry Eye....Pages 791-803
Use of a Questionnaire for the Diagnosis of Tear Film-Related Ocular Surface Disease....Pages 805-806
Importance of Conjunctival Epithelial Evaluation in the Diagnostic Differentiation of Dry Eye from Drug-Induced Epithelial Keratopathy....Pages 807-820
The Size of Corneal Epithelial Cells Collected by Contact Lens Cytology from Dry Eyes....Pages 821-825
Optimum Dry Eye Classification Using Questionnaire Responses....Pages 827-830
Diagnostic Value of Tear Film Abnormalities in A New Syndrome Affecting the Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems....Pages 831-834
Low-Tech Detection of Tear Film-Related Diseases of the Ocular Surface....Pages 835-838
Using LIPCOF (Lid-Parallel Conjunctival Fold) for Assessing the Degree of Dry Eye, It is Essential to Observe the Exact Position of That Specific Fold....Pages 839-843
Use of the Tearscope Plus and Attachments in the Routine Examination of the Marginal Dry Eye Contact Lens Patient....Pages 845-851
Evaluation of Schirmer Tests by Two Types of Tear Clearance Tests....Pages 853-858
Fluorescein Dye Concentration as a Factor in Tear Film Fluorescence....Pages 859-867
A New Method for Measuring Human Basic Tear Fluid Osmolality....Pages 869-873
Micropachometric Quantification of Tear Assessment Tests....Pages 875-878
Use of Corneal Thickness Changes to Compare the Efficacy of Conventional Eye Drops with Supracutaneous Treatment of Dry Eye....Pages 879-882
Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 883-886
Reflex Tearing in Dry Eye Not Associated with Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 887-889
Cytokine mRNA Expression in Labial Salivary Glands and Cytokine Secretion in Parotid Saliva in Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 891-902
Age-Related Decrease in Innervation Density of the Lacrimal Gland in Mouse Models of Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 903-907
Aberrant Expression and Potential Function for Parotid Secretory Protein (PSP) in the NOD (Non-Obese Diabetic) Mouse....Pages 909-915
Survey of Canine Tear Deficiency in Veterinary Practice....Pages 917-923
Lacrimation and Salivation are Not Related to Lymphocytic Infiltration in Lacrimal and Salivary Glands in MRL lpr/lpr Mice....Pages 925-930
The Sj?gren Syndrome and Tear Function Profile....Pages 931-939
Cytokines may Prove Useful in the Treatment of Sj?grens Syndrome (SS) Dry Eye....Pages 941-948
The Now and Future Therapy of the Non-Sj?gren’s Dry Eye....Pages 949-952
Dry Eye Treatment with Eye Drops that Stimulate Mucin Production....Pages 953-958
A Dose-Ranging Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion in Patients with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca....Pages 959-964
Oral Pilocarpine for Symptomatic Relief of Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes in Patients with Sj?grens Syndrome....Pages 965-968
Oral Pilocarpine for Symptomatic Relief of Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Patients with Sj?gren’s Syndrome....Pages 969-972
Supracutaneous Treatment of Dry Eye Patients with Calcium Carbonate....Pages 973-978
Preclinical Safety Studies of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion....Pages 979-983
Conjunctival Impression Cytology from Dogs with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca....Pages 985-990
Cyclosporine Distribution into the Conjunctiva, Cornea, Lacrimal Gland, and Systemic Blood Following Topical Dosing of Cyclosporine to Rabbit, Dog, and Human Eyes....Pages 991-995
Estrogen Therapy in Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca....Pages 997-1000
Dry Eye Treatment with Acupuncture....Pages 1001-1004
Punctal Occlusion for the Treatment of Dry Eye....Pages 1005-1009
Keratoprosthesis in Pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome....Pages 1011-1016
Portable Device for Programmable, Automatic, or On-Demand Delivery of Artificial Tears....Pages 1017-1020
Back Matter....Pages 1021-1025
....Pages 1027-1032