Ebook: Explosives Detection Using Magnetic and Nuclear Resonance Techniques
- Tags: Characterization and Evaluation of Materials, Measurement Science and Instrumentation, Spectroscopy/Spectrometry, Physical Chemistry, Solid State Physics, Spectroscopy and Microscopy
- Series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics
- Year: 2009
- Publisher: Springer Netherlands
- Edition: 1
- Language: English
- pdf
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) a highly promising new technique for bulk explosives detection: relatively inexpensive, more compact than NMR, but with considerable selectivity. Since the NQR frequency is insensitive to long-range variations in composition, mixing explosives with other materials, such as the plasticizers in plastic explosives, makes no difference. The NQR signal strength varies linearly with the amount of explosive, and is independent of its distribution within the volume monitored. NQR spots explosive types in configurations missed by the X-ray imaging method.
But if NQR is so good, why it is not used everywhere? Its main limitation is the low signal-to-noise ratio, particularly with the radio-frequency interference that exists in a field environment, NQR polarization being much weaker than that from an external magnetic field. The distinctive signatures are there, but are difficult to extract from the noise. In addition, the high selectivity is partly a disadvantage, as it is hard to build a multichannel system necessary to cover a wide range of target substances. Moreover, substances fully screened by metallic enclosures, etc. are difficult to detect. A workshop was held at St Petersburg in July 2008 in an attempt to solve these problems and make NQR the universal technique for the detection of bombs regardless of type. This book presents the essentials of the papers given there.
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) a highly promising new technique for bulk explosives detection: relatively inexpensive, more compact than NMR, but with considerable selectivity. Since the NQR frequency is insensitive to long-range variations in composition, mixing explosives with other materials, such as the plasticizers in plastic explosives, makes no difference. The NQR signal strength varies linearly with the amount of explosive, and is independent of its distribution within the volume monitored. NQR spots explosive types in configurations missed by the X-ray imaging method.
But if NQR is so good, why it is not used everywhere? Its main limitation is the low signal-to-noise ratio, particularly with the radio-frequency interference that exists in a field environment, NQR polarization being much weaker than that from an external magnetic field. The distinctive signatures are there, but are difficult to extract from the noise. In addition, the high selectivity is partly a disadvantage, as it is hard to build a multichannel system necessary to cover a wide range of target substances. Moreover, substances fully screened by metallic enclosures, etc. are difficult to detect. A workshop was held at St Petersburg in July 2008 in an attempt to solve these problems and make NQR the universal technique for the detection of bombs regardless of type. This book presents the essentials of the papers given there.
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) a highly promising new technique for bulk explosives detection: relatively inexpensive, more compact than NMR, but with considerable selectivity. Since the NQR frequency is insensitive to long-range variations in composition, mixing explosives with other materials, such as the plasticizers in plastic explosives, makes no difference. The NQR signal strength varies linearly with the amount of explosive, and is independent of its distribution within the volume monitored. NQR spots explosive types in configurations missed by the X-ray imaging method.
But if NQR is so good, why it is not used everywhere? Its main limitation is the low signal-to-noise ratio, particularly with the radio-frequency interference that exists in a field environment, NQR polarization being much weaker than that from an external magnetic field. The distinctive signatures are there, but are difficult to extract from the noise. In addition, the high selectivity is partly a disadvantage, as it is hard to build a multichannel system necessary to cover a wide range of target substances. Moreover, substances fully screened by metallic enclosures, etc. are difficult to detect. A workshop was held at St Petersburg in July 2008 in an attempt to solve these problems and make NQR the universal technique for the detection of bombs regardless of type. This book presents the essentials of the papers given there.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xii
Fundamentals of Pulsed Nitrogen-14 Quadrupole Resonance....Pages 1-29
14N Nqr Detection of Explosives With Hybrid Sensors....Pages 31-39
Polarization Enhanced Nqr Detection at Low Frequencies....Pages 41-56
Efficient Excitation and Ringing Suppression in Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance....Pages 57-71
Detection of Concealed Liquid Explosives and Illicit Drugs in Unopened Bottles....Pages 73-79
Prospectives and Limitations of Nqr Signal Enhancement by Polarisation Transfer....Pages 81-93
Modeling of Qr Sensors for Optimized Explosives Detection....Pages 95-110
Detection of Explosives by Nqr Method: Main Aspects for Transport Security....Pages 111-138
Double Resonance Detection of (Mainly Nitrogen) Nqr Frequencies in Explosives and Drugs....Pages 139-158
Signal Processing Methods in Nqr....Pages 159-170
14N Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Signals in Paranitrotoluene and Trinitrotoluene. Spin-Lock Spin-Echo Off-Resonance Effects....Pages 171-191
Identification of Liquids Encountered in Carry-On-Luggage by Mobile Nmr....Pages 193-203
The Two-Frequency Multipulse Sequence in Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance of N-14 Nuclei....Pages 205-230
The Detection of Industrial Explosives by the Quadrupole Resonance Method: Some Aspects of the Detection of Ammonium Nitrate and Trinitrotoluene....Pages 231-244
Development of Electric Field Nmr Signal Acquisition System....Pages 245-252
Berry's Phase in Nqr of Powders....Pages 253-269
Contribution of Copper Nqr Spectroscopy to the Geological Studies of Complex Sulfides and Oxides....Pages 271-287
Back Matter....Pages 289-292
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) a highly promising new technique for bulk explosives detection: relatively inexpensive, more compact than NMR, but with considerable selectivity. Since the NQR frequency is insensitive to long-range variations in composition, mixing explosives with other materials, such as the plasticizers in plastic explosives, makes no difference. The NQR signal strength varies linearly with the amount of explosive, and is independent of its distribution within the volume monitored. NQR spots explosive types in configurations missed by the X-ray imaging method.
But if NQR is so good, why it is not used everywhere? Its main limitation is the low signal-to-noise ratio, particularly with the radio-frequency interference that exists in a field environment, NQR polarization being much weaker than that from an external magnetic field. The distinctive signatures are there, but are difficult to extract from the noise. In addition, the high selectivity is partly a disadvantage, as it is hard to build a multichannel system necessary to cover a wide range of target substances. Moreover, substances fully screened by metallic enclosures, etc. are difficult to detect. A workshop was held at St Petersburg in July 2008 in an attempt to solve these problems and make NQR the universal technique for the detection of bombs regardless of type. This book presents the essentials of the papers given there.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xii
Fundamentals of Pulsed Nitrogen-14 Quadrupole Resonance....Pages 1-29
14N Nqr Detection of Explosives With Hybrid Sensors....Pages 31-39
Polarization Enhanced Nqr Detection at Low Frequencies....Pages 41-56
Efficient Excitation and Ringing Suppression in Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance....Pages 57-71
Detection of Concealed Liquid Explosives and Illicit Drugs in Unopened Bottles....Pages 73-79
Prospectives and Limitations of Nqr Signal Enhancement by Polarisation Transfer....Pages 81-93
Modeling of Qr Sensors for Optimized Explosives Detection....Pages 95-110
Detection of Explosives by Nqr Method: Main Aspects for Transport Security....Pages 111-138
Double Resonance Detection of (Mainly Nitrogen) Nqr Frequencies in Explosives and Drugs....Pages 139-158
Signal Processing Methods in Nqr....Pages 159-170
14N Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Signals in Paranitrotoluene and Trinitrotoluene. Spin-Lock Spin-Echo Off-Resonance Effects....Pages 171-191
Identification of Liquids Encountered in Carry-On-Luggage by Mobile Nmr....Pages 193-203
The Two-Frequency Multipulse Sequence in Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance of N-14 Nuclei....Pages 205-230
The Detection of Industrial Explosives by the Quadrupole Resonance Method: Some Aspects of the Detection of Ammonium Nitrate and Trinitrotoluene....Pages 231-244
Development of Electric Field Nmr Signal Acquisition System....Pages 245-252
Berry's Phase in Nqr of Powders....Pages 253-269
Contribution of Copper Nqr Spectroscopy to the Geological Studies of Complex Sulfides and Oxides....Pages 271-287
Back Matter....Pages 289-292
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