Ebook: Multiscale Phenomena in Plasticity: From Experiments to Phenomenology, Modelling and Materials Engineering

A profusion of research and results on the mechanical behaviour of crystalline solids has followed the discovery of dislocations in the early thirties. This trend has been enhanced by the development of powerful experimental techniques. particularly X ray diffraction. transmission and scanning electron microscopy. microanalysis. The technological advancement has given rise to the study of various and complex materials. not to speak of those recently invented. whose mechanical properties need to be mastered. either for their lise as structural materials. or more simply for detenllining their fonnability processes. As is often the case this fast growth has been diverted both by the burial of early fundamental results which are rediscovered more or less accurately. and by the too fast publication of inaccurate results. which propagate widely. and are accepted without criticism. Examples of these statements abound. and will not be quoted here for the sake of dispassionateness. Understanding the mechanical properties of materials implies the use of various experimental techniques. combined with a good theoretical knowledge of elasticity. thermodynamics and solid state physics. The recent development of various computer techniques (simulation. ab initio calculations) has added to the difficulty of gathering the experimental information. and mastering the theoretical understanding. No laboratory is equipped with all the possible experimental settings. almost no scientist masters all this theoretical knovledge. Therefore. cooperation between scientists is needed more than even before.

---

The various scales of the physical phenomena occurring during plastic flow are reviewed from the atomic level to the constitutive laws, from both theoretical and experimental sides. The fundamentals of plastic flow are revisited, revealing the impact of recent experimental breakthroughs on the theoretical formulation. New developments (constrained plasticity, indentation) are also addressed. The importance of atomic scale phenomena on macroscopic mechanical behaviour are demonstrated in the case of cross-slip and its influence on fatigue properties, and in the effect of hydrogen on ductility. These developments emphasise the importance of the numerical methods used to connect the various scales and show that much remains to be done in this area. Classical fundamental problems, such as the brittle to ductile transition, are described by both experimentalists and theoreticians, as are constrained and heterogeneous deformation.

---

The various scales of the physical phenomena occurring during plastic flow are reviewed from the atomic level to the constitutive laws, from both theoretical and experimental sides. The fundamentals of plastic flow are revisited, revealing the impact of recent experimental breakthroughs on the theoretical formulation. New developments (constrained plasticity, indentation) are also addressed. The importance of atomic scale phenomena on macroscopic mechanical behaviour are demonstrated in the case of cross-slip and its influence on fatigue properties, and in the effect of hydrogen on ductility. These developments emphasise the importance of the numerical methods used to connect the various scales and show that much remains to be done in this area. Classical fundamental problems, such as the brittle to ductile transition, are described by both experimentalists and theoreticians, as are constrained and heterogeneous deformation.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Front Matter....Pages 1-2
Historical Aspects of an Encounter and of a Longlived Relationship....Pages 3-6
Historical Overview....Pages 7-20
Front Matter....Pages 21-22
From the Physics of Plastic Flow to Constitutive Equations....Pages 23-32
Thermal Activation in Plastic Deformation....Pages 33-56
Multiplication, Mobility and Exhaustion of Dislocations....Pages 57-66
High Temperature Deformation....Pages 67-81
Fatigue and Associated Microstructural Aspects....Pages 83-98
Mechanical Properties of Solid Solutions and Related Topics....Pages 99-116
Possible Mechanisms for Dislocations Multiplication at, or Close to, a Crack Tip....Pages 117-126
Deformation of Thin Films and Multilayers....Pages 127-142
A Dislocation-Based Model for Variant Selection During the ? — to — ? Transformation of Hot Rolled Austenite....Pages 143-156
Front Matter....Pages 157-158
Deformation and Surface Morphology....Pages 159-168
Determination of Internal Stresses....Pages 169-184
In Situ Straining Experiments in T.E.M.: Application to the Study of High Performance Materials....Pages 185-194
Analysis of the Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Defects by Tem....Pages 195-204
Interfacial and Junction Line Defect Analysis for Plasticity Investigations....Pages 205-214
Electron Microscopy Studies of Defects in Deformed Hexagonal Materials....Pages 215-226
Conjunction of Experimental Approaches: The Relevant Choice....Pages 227-236
Front Matter....Pages 237-238
Electronic Structure: From Bonding to Mechanical Properties....Pages 239-258
Connecting The Micro to the Mesoscale: Review and Specific Examples....Pages 259-270
Front Matter....Pages 237-238
An Introduction to the Molecular-Dynamics Simulation of Materials....Pages 271-280
Cross Slip in the Face Centred Cubic Structure: An Atomistic Approach....Pages 281-292
Elemental Mechanisms of Plasticity: A Numerical Study at the Atomistic Scale....Pages 293-302
Plasticity of Metals During Cold Working....Pages 303-318
Atypical Plastic Properties of Ni3AL Alloys Studied by Dislocation Dynamics Simulations....Pages 319-328
Nanoindentation: From Experiments to 3D Simulations....Pages 329-338
Constitutive Modelling of Plastic Flow....Pages 339-348
Modelling Brittle-Ductile Transitions....Pages 349-364
Front Matter....Pages 365-366
Hydrogen Effects on Plasticity....Pages 367-381
Mechanism of Liquid Metal Embrittlement by Simple Experiments: From Atomistics to Life-Time....Pages 383-402
Grain Boundary Embrittlement by Liquid Metals....Pages 403-414
From Anisotropy of Grain Boundary Segregation to Grain Boundary Design for Polycrystals....Pages 415-424
Stress Corrosion Cracking: An Electrochemist Point of View....Pages 425-440
Plastic Flow of Amorphous Materials During Ion Bombardment....Pages 441-450
Front Matter....Pages 451-451
Materials and Process Selection for Structural Applications....Pages 453-468
The Flow Strength Anomaly in Metals and Intermetallic Compounds....Pages 469-478
Dislocation Plasticity in Ceramic Materials....Pages 479-490
Superplastic Behaviour of Micro-and Nanograined Materials....Pages 491-506
Deformation of Minerals, Applications in Geophysics....Pages 507-518
Back Matter....Pages 519-529

---

The various scales of the physical phenomena occurring during plastic flow are reviewed from the atomic level to the constitutive laws, from both theoretical and experimental sides. The fundamentals of plastic flow are revisited, revealing the impact of recent experimental breakthroughs on the theoretical formulation. New developments (constrained plasticity, indentation) are also addressed. The importance of atomic scale phenomena on macroscopic mechanical behaviour are demonstrated in the case of cross-slip and its influence on fatigue properties, and in the effect of hydrogen on ductility. These developments emphasise the importance of the numerical methods used to connect the various scales and show that much remains to be done in this area. Classical fundamental problems, such as the brittle to ductile transition, are described by both experimentalists and theoreticians, as are constrained and heterogeneous deformation.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Front Matter....Pages 1-2
Historical Aspects of an Encounter and of a Longlived Relationship....Pages 3-6
Historical Overview....Pages 7-20
Front Matter....Pages 21-22
From the Physics of Plastic Flow to Constitutive Equations....Pages 23-32
Thermal Activation in Plastic Deformation....Pages 33-56
Multiplication, Mobility and Exhaustion of Dislocations....Pages 57-66
High Temperature Deformation....Pages 67-81
Fatigue and Associated Microstructural Aspects....Pages 83-98
Mechanical Properties of Solid Solutions and Related Topics....Pages 99-116
Possible Mechanisms for Dislocations Multiplication at, or Close to, a Crack Tip....Pages 117-126
Deformation of Thin Films and Multilayers....Pages 127-142
A Dislocation-Based Model for Variant Selection During the ? — to — ? Transformation of Hot Rolled Austenite....Pages 143-156
Front Matter....Pages 157-158
Deformation and Surface Morphology....Pages 159-168
Determination of Internal Stresses....Pages 169-184
In Situ Straining Experiments in T.E.M.: Application to the Study of High Performance Materials....Pages 185-194
Analysis of the Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Defects by Tem....Pages 195-204
Interfacial and Junction Line Defect Analysis for Plasticity Investigations....Pages 205-214
Electron Microscopy Studies of Defects in Deformed Hexagonal Materials....Pages 215-226
Conjunction of Experimental Approaches: The Relevant Choice....Pages 227-236
Front Matter....Pages 237-238
Electronic Structure: From Bonding to Mechanical Properties....Pages 239-258
Connecting The Micro to the Mesoscale: Review and Specific Examples....Pages 259-270
Front Matter....Pages 237-238
An Introduction to the Molecular-Dynamics Simulation of Materials....Pages 271-280
Cross Slip in the Face Centred Cubic Structure: An Atomistic Approach....Pages 281-292
Elemental Mechanisms of Plasticity: A Numerical Study at the Atomistic Scale....Pages 293-302
Plasticity of Metals During Cold Working....Pages 303-318
Atypical Plastic Properties of Ni3AL Alloys Studied by Dislocation Dynamics Simulations....Pages 319-328
Nanoindentation: From Experiments to 3D Simulations....Pages 329-338
Constitutive Modelling of Plastic Flow....Pages 339-348
Modelling Brittle-Ductile Transitions....Pages 349-364
Front Matter....Pages 365-366
Hydrogen Effects on Plasticity....Pages 367-381
Mechanism of Liquid Metal Embrittlement by Simple Experiments: From Atomistics to Life-Time....Pages 383-402
Grain Boundary Embrittlement by Liquid Metals....Pages 403-414
From Anisotropy of Grain Boundary Segregation to Grain Boundary Design for Polycrystals....Pages 415-424
Stress Corrosion Cracking: An Electrochemist Point of View....Pages 425-440
Plastic Flow of Amorphous Materials During Ion Bombardment....Pages 441-450
Front Matter....Pages 451-451
Materials and Process Selection for Structural Applications....Pages 453-468
The Flow Strength Anomaly in Metals and Intermetallic Compounds....Pages 469-478
Dislocation Plasticity in Ceramic Materials....Pages 479-490
Superplastic Behaviour of Micro-and Nanograined Materials....Pages 491-506
Deformation of Minerals, Applications in Geophysics....Pages 507-518
Back Matter....Pages 519-529
....