Ebook: Environmental External Costs of Transport

Transport causes a wide range of damage to human health, ecosystems and materials. This damage should be taken into account when making decisions, i.e. it should be reflected in the prices for transport. The damagae caused by cars, planes, ships and trains should be calculated and transformed into monetary values - so called external costs. In this book we endeavour to evaluate the external costs stemming from the emissions of atmospheric pollutants caused by transport, including damage from greenhouse gases, fine particles, ozone, nitrous oxides and benzene as well as other carciogenic substances, so as to be able to calculate the external costs of a huge number of current and future modes of transport operating in different locations all over Europe. The results offer an important basis for assessing modes of transport, discussing transport taxes and charges and implementing green accounting.

---

Transport causes a wide range of damage to human health, ecosystems and materials. This damage should be taken into account when making decisions, i.e. it should be reflected in the prices for transport. The damagae caused by cars, planes, ships and trains should be calculated and transformed into monetary values - so called external costs. In this book we endeavour to evaluate the external costs stemming from the emissions of atmospheric pollutants caused by transport, including damage from greenhouse gases, fine particles, ozone, nitrous oxides and benzene as well as other carciogenic substances, so as to be able to calculate the external costs of a huge number of current and future modes of transport operating in different locations all over Europe. The results offer an important basis for assessing modes of transport, discussing transport taxes and charges and implementing green accounting.

---

Transport causes a wide range of damage to human health, ecosystems and materials. This damage should be taken into account when making decisions, i.e. it should be reflected in the prices for transport. The damagae caused by cars, planes, ships and trains should be calculated and transformed into monetary values - so called external costs. In this book we endeavour to evaluate the external costs stemming from the emissions of atmospheric pollutants caused by transport, including damage from greenhouse gases, fine particles, ozone, nitrous oxides and benzene as well as other carciogenic substances, so as to be able to calculate the external costs of a huge number of current and future modes of transport operating in different locations all over Europe. The results offer an important basis for assessing modes of transport, discussing transport taxes and charges and implementing green accounting.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XVI
Introduction....Pages 1-3
The Impact Pathway Methodology....Pages 5-10
Emission Calculation....Pages 11-19
Atmospheric Transport Modelling....Pages 21-33
Health Effects: Exposure-Response Functions....Pages 35-58
Impacts on Building Materials....Pages 59-72
Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems....Pages 73-85
Economic Valuation, Sustainability Indicators and Alternative Assessment Techniques....Pages 87-120
Global Warming....Pages 121-137
Treatment of Up- and Downstream Processes....Pages 139-145
Uncertainty....Pages 147-160
Quantification of Total and Average Externalities (Aggregation)....Pages 161-168
Marginal Costs....Pages 169-222
Aggregated Costs....Pages 223-246
Policy Case Studies....Pages 247-293
Summary....Pages 295-312
Back Matter....Pages 313-326

---

Transport causes a wide range of damage to human health, ecosystems and materials. This damage should be taken into account when making decisions, i.e. it should be reflected in the prices for transport. The damagae caused by cars, planes, ships and trains should be calculated and transformed into monetary values - so called external costs. In this book we endeavour to evaluate the external costs stemming from the emissions of atmospheric pollutants caused by transport, including damage from greenhouse gases, fine particles, ozone, nitrous oxides and benzene as well as other carciogenic substances, so as to be able to calculate the external costs of a huge number of current and future modes of transport operating in different locations all over Europe. The results offer an important basis for assessing modes of transport, discussing transport taxes and charges and implementing green accounting.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages I-XVI
Introduction....Pages 1-3
The Impact Pathway Methodology....Pages 5-10
Emission Calculation....Pages 11-19
Atmospheric Transport Modelling....Pages 21-33
Health Effects: Exposure-Response Functions....Pages 35-58
Impacts on Building Materials....Pages 59-72
Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems....Pages 73-85
Economic Valuation, Sustainability Indicators and Alternative Assessment Techniques....Pages 87-120
Global Warming....Pages 121-137
Treatment of Up- and Downstream Processes....Pages 139-145
Uncertainty....Pages 147-160
Quantification of Total and Average Externalities (Aggregation)....Pages 161-168
Marginal Costs....Pages 169-222
Aggregated Costs....Pages 223-246
Policy Case Studies....Pages 247-293
Summary....Pages 295-312
Back Matter....Pages 313-326
....