Ebook: Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry and Its Relationship to the Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has sponsored research supporting development of personnel safety standards for exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) for over a quarter century. NATO previously recognized that one of the most important tools used in the RFR effects research laboratory is accurate dosimetry when it supported a NATO Advanced Studies Institute (ASI) on Advances in Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Low Energy Electromagnetic Fields held in 1981, in Erice, Sicily. That meeting resulted in a NATO ASI publication; Biological Effects and Dosimetry of l Non-ionizing Radiation: Radiofrequency and Microwave Energies . The most recent NATO sponsored program on RFR was an Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Developing a New Standardization Agreement (STANAG) for Radio frequency Radiation" held May 1993, at the Pratica di Mare Italian Air Force Base, Pomezia (Rome) Italy. That ARW produced an ASI proceedings, published in 1995: Radio frequency Radiation Standards, Biological Effects, Dosimetry, Epidemiology, and Public Health Policy2. The Rome ARW and the Proceedings served as a springboard to the much needed revision of the NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 2345 MED "Evaluation and Control of Personnel Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields - 3 kHz to 300 GHz,,3, which was subsequently promulgated in October 1998. One of the published recommendations developed by the Rome ARW was to hold this second ARW focusing on dosimetry and measurements.

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The largest workshop ever held has produced the most comprehensive review of Radio Frequency Dosimetry and Bioeffects available. Over 80 of the world's leading scientists and technical experts from nine NATO countries and six NATO Partner for Peace countries, and others, review the state of the art in radio frequency radiation dosimetry, measurements and the relationship between SAR, power density and the biological effects of the electromagnetic fields.

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The largest workshop ever held has produced the most comprehensive review of Radio Frequency Dosimetry and Bioeffects available. Over 80 of the world's leading scientists and technical experts from nine NATO countries and six NATO Partner for Peace countries, and others, review the state of the art in radio frequency radiation dosimetry, measurements and the relationship between SAR, power density and the biological effects of the electromagnetic fields.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xv
NATO Involvement in Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) Research and Health Safety....Pages 1-10
United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety: Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards....Pages 11-19
International EMF Project....Pages 21-28
Summary of Session A: Basics of Electromagnetics and Dosimetry....Pages 29-30
Microwave Effect on Embryo Brain: Dose Dependence and the Effect of Modulation....Pages 31-37
Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts....Pages 39-52
Dosimetry and Densitometry of Pulsed Fields....Pages 53-62
Biophysics Limits on the Biological Effects of Ultrawideband Electromagnetic Radiation....Pages 63-72
Summary of Session B: The Dielectric Properties of Tissues....Pages 73-74
The Dielectric Properties of Tissues....Pages 75-84
Investigations of Tissue Microwave and Thermal Properties for Combined Microwave and Thermal Modelling of Body Tissue Regions....Pages 85-96
Dielectric Properties of Skin....Pages 97-101
Dielectric Properties of Human Crystalline Lens: Cataractogenic Effects of RFR....Pages 103-107
Summary of Session C: Theoretical Dosimetry....Pages 109-110
Numerical and Experimental Methods for Dosimetry of RF Radiation: Some Recent Results....Pages 111-121
Electromagnetic Field Calculations in an Anatomically Realistic Voxel Model of the Human Body....Pages 123-131
Theoretical Methods of Evaluation of Absorbed Dose of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Nonuniform Media....Pages 133-140
Recent Advancements in Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling....Pages 141-155
Summary of Session D: Experimental Dosimetry....Pages 157-158
Experimental and Numerical Near-Field Evaluation of RF Transmitters....Pages 159-186
High-Resolution Microwave Dosimetry in Lossy Media....Pages 187-197
Infrared Thermography in Experimental Dosimetry of Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wavelength Radiation Exposure....Pages 199-206
A Comparison of Sar Values Determined Empirically and by FD-TD Modeling....Pages 207-216
Exposure and Dosimetry of Low Frequency RF Fields....Pages 217-226
Molecular Dosimetry....Pages 227-237
Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields in the Radiofrequency Range....Pages 239-245
Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies....Pages 247-255
Summary of Session E: Contact and Induced Currents....Pages 257-258
Exposure Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency, Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation: Methods and Standards for Databases....Pages 259-269
Biophysical Basis for Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Application to Low Frequency Exposure Standards....Pages 271-291
Dosimetry of RF Induced Body to Ground Current and Implications on Safety Standards....Pages 293-299
Development of Induced and Contact Current (ICC) Limits in the HF and VHF Regions....Pages 301-307
Radiofrequency Measurements and Sources....Pages 309-319
Induced Current Densities and Sars from Non-Uniform, Near-Field Exposure to Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields....Pages 321-334
Evaluating Partial-Body Radiofrequency Field Exposures: The Need for Better Near-field Dosimetry....Pages 335-342
Session F: Responses of Man and Animals I....Pages 343-343
Thermoregulation: Its Role in Microwave Exposure....Pages 345-355
Thermal Models for Microwave Heating of Tissue....Pages 357-366
SAR Measurements in the Rhesus Monkey Ankle: Implications for Humans....Pages 367-373
Microwave Dosimetry and Lethal Effects in Laboratory Animals....Pages 375-382
Teratologic Effects of Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation....Pages 383-391
Summary of Session G: Responses of Man and Animals II....Pages 393-394
Effects of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiation on the Eye....Pages 395-402
Contemporary Research on the Behavioral Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation....Pages 403-407
Focusing Properties of Pulsed Signals Inside Biological Tissue Media....Pages 409-418
900 MHZ Electromagnetic Fields: Exposure Parameters and Effects on Djungarian Hamsters....Pages 419-428
Ligand Binding under RF EM Exposure....Pages 429-447
Summary of Session H: Applications of Dosimetry in Biology & Medicine....Pages 449-450
Dose Determinations in Epidemiological Studies....Pages 451-457
Application of Dosimetry in Military Epidemiological Studies....Pages 459-471
Use of a Full-Size Human Model for Evaluating Metal Implant Heating During Magnetic Resonance Imaging....Pages 473-482
Visualization of Electro Magnetic Field Exposure Using Radio-Frequency Current Density Imaging....Pages 483-492
Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous — Endocrine — Immune Interactions....Pages 493-499
Summary for Session I: Standards and Applications....Pages 501-502
Radio Frequency Exposure Standards in the United States....Pages 503-511
The New ICNIRP Guidelines: Criteria, Restrictions, and Dosimetric Needs....Pages 513-521
Requirements for the Protection of Persons and the Environment from Electromagnetic Fields of High Power Transmitters in the Federal Republic of Germany....Pages 523-530
Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure of Mobile Communications in Hungary and Evaluation Relevant to EU and National Standard: Base Stations and Handy Devices....Pages 531-539
The Czech Limits and the European Prestandards....Pages 541-544
Summary of Session J: The Dosimetry Handbook....Pages 545-546
Historical Perspective on the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook....Pages 547-553
Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling: Interactive Presentations in the New Dosimetry Handbook....Pages 555-564
Back Matter....Pages 565-593

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The largest workshop ever held has produced the most comprehensive review of Radio Frequency Dosimetry and Bioeffects available. Over 80 of the world's leading scientists and technical experts from nine NATO countries and six NATO Partner for Peace countries, and others, review the state of the art in radio frequency radiation dosimetry, measurements and the relationship between SAR, power density and the biological effects of the electromagnetic fields.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xv
NATO Involvement in Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) Research and Health Safety....Pages 1-10
United States Air Force Support of Radio Frequency Radiation Health and Safety: Bioeffects, Dosimetry, and Standards....Pages 11-19
International EMF Project....Pages 21-28
Summary of Session A: Basics of Electromagnetics and Dosimetry....Pages 29-30
Microwave Effect on Embryo Brain: Dose Dependence and the Effect of Modulation....Pages 31-37
Absorption Characteristics and Measurement Concepts....Pages 39-52
Dosimetry and Densitometry of Pulsed Fields....Pages 53-62
Biophysics Limits on the Biological Effects of Ultrawideband Electromagnetic Radiation....Pages 63-72
Summary of Session B: The Dielectric Properties of Tissues....Pages 73-74
The Dielectric Properties of Tissues....Pages 75-84
Investigations of Tissue Microwave and Thermal Properties for Combined Microwave and Thermal Modelling of Body Tissue Regions....Pages 85-96
Dielectric Properties of Skin....Pages 97-101
Dielectric Properties of Human Crystalline Lens: Cataractogenic Effects of RFR....Pages 103-107
Summary of Session C: Theoretical Dosimetry....Pages 109-110
Numerical and Experimental Methods for Dosimetry of RF Radiation: Some Recent Results....Pages 111-121
Electromagnetic Field Calculations in an Anatomically Realistic Voxel Model of the Human Body....Pages 123-131
Theoretical Methods of Evaluation of Absorbed Dose of Non-Ionizing Radiation in Nonuniform Media....Pages 133-140
Recent Advancements in Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling....Pages 141-155
Summary of Session D: Experimental Dosimetry....Pages 157-158
Experimental and Numerical Near-Field Evaluation of RF Transmitters....Pages 159-186
High-Resolution Microwave Dosimetry in Lossy Media....Pages 187-197
Infrared Thermography in Experimental Dosimetry of Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wavelength Radiation Exposure....Pages 199-206
A Comparison of Sar Values Determined Empirically and by FD-TD Modeling....Pages 207-216
Exposure and Dosimetry of Low Frequency RF Fields....Pages 217-226
Molecular Dosimetry....Pages 227-237
Dosimetry of Magnetic Fields in the Radiofrequency Range....Pages 239-245
Current Status of Dosimetry in Evaluating Wireless Communications Technologies....Pages 247-255
Summary of Session E: Contact and Induced Currents....Pages 257-258
Exposure Assessment of Extremely Low Frequency, Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation: Methods and Standards for Databases....Pages 259-269
Biophysical Basis for Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Application to Low Frequency Exposure Standards....Pages 271-291
Dosimetry of RF Induced Body to Ground Current and Implications on Safety Standards....Pages 293-299
Development of Induced and Contact Current (ICC) Limits in the HF and VHF Regions....Pages 301-307
Radiofrequency Measurements and Sources....Pages 309-319
Induced Current Densities and Sars from Non-Uniform, Near-Field Exposure to Radiofrequency Magnetic Fields....Pages 321-334
Evaluating Partial-Body Radiofrequency Field Exposures: The Need for Better Near-field Dosimetry....Pages 335-342
Session F: Responses of Man and Animals I....Pages 343-343
Thermoregulation: Its Role in Microwave Exposure....Pages 345-355
Thermal Models for Microwave Heating of Tissue....Pages 357-366
SAR Measurements in the Rhesus Monkey Ankle: Implications for Humans....Pages 367-373
Microwave Dosimetry and Lethal Effects in Laboratory Animals....Pages 375-382
Teratologic Effects of Exposure to Radio Frequency Radiation....Pages 383-391
Summary of Session G: Responses of Man and Animals II....Pages 393-394
Effects of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Radiation on the Eye....Pages 395-402
Contemporary Research on the Behavioral Effects of Radio Frequency Radiation....Pages 403-407
Focusing Properties of Pulsed Signals Inside Biological Tissue Media....Pages 409-418
900 MHZ Electromagnetic Fields: Exposure Parameters and Effects on Djungarian Hamsters....Pages 419-428
Ligand Binding under RF EM Exposure....Pages 429-447
Summary of Session H: Applications of Dosimetry in Biology & Medicine....Pages 449-450
Dose Determinations in Epidemiological Studies....Pages 451-457
Application of Dosimetry in Military Epidemiological Studies....Pages 459-471
Use of a Full-Size Human Model for Evaluating Metal Implant Heating During Magnetic Resonance Imaging....Pages 473-482
Visualization of Electro Magnetic Field Exposure Using Radio-Frequency Current Density Imaging....Pages 483-492
Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on the Nervous — Endocrine — Immune Interactions....Pages 493-499
Summary for Session I: Standards and Applications....Pages 501-502
Radio Frequency Exposure Standards in the United States....Pages 503-511
The New ICNIRP Guidelines: Criteria, Restrictions, and Dosimetric Needs....Pages 513-521
Requirements for the Protection of Persons and the Environment from Electromagnetic Fields of High Power Transmitters in the Federal Republic of Germany....Pages 523-530
Radiofrequency (RF) Exposure of Mobile Communications in Hungary and Evaluation Relevant to EU and National Standard: Base Stations and Handy Devices....Pages 531-539
The Czech Limits and the European Prestandards....Pages 541-544
Summary of Session J: The Dosimetry Handbook....Pages 545-546
Historical Perspective on the Radio Frequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook....Pages 547-553
Dosimetry Measurements and Modeling: Interactive Presentations in the New Dosimetry Handbook....Pages 555-564
Back Matter....Pages 565-593
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