Ebook: Effluents from Alternative Demilitarization Technologies

FRANCIS W. HOLM 30 Agua Sarca Road, Placitas, New Mexico 1. Overview The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sponsored an Advanced Research in Prague, Czech Republic, on October 13-15, 1997, to collect and Workshop (ARW) study information on effluents from alternative demilitarization technologies and to report on these fmdings. The effluents, orprocess residues, identified for assessment at the workshop are generated by systems that have been proposed as alternatives to incineration technology for destruction of munitions, chemical warfare agent, and associated materials and debris. The alternative technologies analyzed are grouped into three categories based on process bulk operating temperature: low (0-200 C), medium (200-600 C), and high (600-3,500 C). Reaction types considered include hydrolysis, biodegradation, electrochemical oxidation, gas-phase high-temperature reduction, steam reforming, gasification, sulfur reactions, solvated electron chemistry, sodium reactions, supercritical water oxidation, wet air oxidation, and plasma torch technology. These ofprocesses, some of which have been studied categories represent a broad spectrum only in the laboratory and some of which are in commercial use for destruction of hazardous and toxic wastes. Some technologies have been developed and used for specific commercial applications; however, in all cases, research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) is necessary to assure that each technology application is effective for destroying chemical warfare materiel. Table 1 contains a list of more than 40 technologies from a recent report for the U.S. Army [1]. Many ofthe technologies in Table 1 are based on similar principles.

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The book assesses a broad range of effluents (process residues) from a selection of worldwide technologies that have been proposed as alternatives to incineration for the remediation and destruction of chemical warfare agents and associated mat?riel. Treatment of metal parts and explosive or energetic materials are considered. The alternative technologies are grouped into three categories, based on process bulk operating temperature: low (0-200°C), medium (200-600°C) and high (600-3500°C). Reaction types considered include neutralisation, biodegradation, hydrolysis, electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, wet air oxidation, plasma reactions, gasification, hydrogenation, pyrolysis, and many more. These categories include a broad spectrum of processes, some of which have been studied only in the laboratory and some of which are in commercial use for the destruction of hazardous and toxic wastes. The book will provide engineers and decision makers with an understanding of the waste management issues and environmental permit status of alternative technologies.

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The book assesses a broad range of effluents (process residues) from a selection of worldwide technologies that have been proposed as alternatives to incineration for the remediation and destruction of chemical warfare agents and associated mat?riel. Treatment of metal parts and explosive or energetic materials are considered. The alternative technologies are grouped into three categories, based on process bulk operating temperature: low (0-200°C), medium (200-600°C) and high (600-3500°C). Reaction types considered include neutralisation, biodegradation, hydrolysis, electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, wet air oxidation, plasma reactions, gasification, hydrogenation, pyrolysis, and many more. These categories include a broad spectrum of processes, some of which have been studied only in the laboratory and some of which are in commercial use for the destruction of hazardous and toxic wastes. The book will provide engineers and decision makers with an understanding of the waste management issues and environmental permit status of alternative technologies.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xv
U. S. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Programme: The Search for Alternative Technologies....Pages 1-12
Mobile Demilitarization System Treatment Processes and Effluents....Pages 13-25
Hydrolysis and Oxidation Process Effluents of Some Chemical Warfare Agents and Possible Secondary Treatments....Pages 27-33
Pilot-Scale Base Hydrolysis Processing of HMX-Based Plastic-Bonded Explosives....Pages 35-45
Cleaning of Gaseous Products from Thermal Waste Treatment....Pages 47-69
Introduction of Green Plants for the Control of Metals and Organics in Environmental Remediation....Pages 71-84
Removal of Arsenical By-Products from Chemical Warfare Destruction Effluents....Pages 85-101
Effluents from Alternative Demilitarization Technologies....Pages 103-120
Risk Assessments of the Potential Hazard Connected with the Objects of Storage of Warfare Chemical Agents....Pages 121-139
Public Involvement: Matters for the People in Technology Applications....Pages 141-148
Green Cross Russia’s Experience in Forming the Program for Joint Activity of the Public and Government in the Destruction of Chemical Weapons....Pages 149-153
Research Needs....Pages 155-158
Appendix: Descriptions of Alternative Demilitarization Technologies and Estimated Mass Balances....Pages 159-213
Back Matter....Pages 215-217

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The book assesses a broad range of effluents (process residues) from a selection of worldwide technologies that have been proposed as alternatives to incineration for the remediation and destruction of chemical warfare agents and associated mat?riel. Treatment of metal parts and explosive or energetic materials are considered. The alternative technologies are grouped into three categories, based on process bulk operating temperature: low (0-200°C), medium (200-600°C) and high (600-3500°C). Reaction types considered include neutralisation, biodegradation, hydrolysis, electrochemical oxidation, supercritical water oxidation, wet air oxidation, plasma reactions, gasification, hydrogenation, pyrolysis, and many more. These categories include a broad spectrum of processes, some of which have been studied only in the laboratory and some of which are in commercial use for the destruction of hazardous and toxic wastes. The book will provide engineers and decision makers with an understanding of the waste management issues and environmental permit status of alternative technologies.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xv
U. S. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Programme: The Search for Alternative Technologies....Pages 1-12
Mobile Demilitarization System Treatment Processes and Effluents....Pages 13-25
Hydrolysis and Oxidation Process Effluents of Some Chemical Warfare Agents and Possible Secondary Treatments....Pages 27-33
Pilot-Scale Base Hydrolysis Processing of HMX-Based Plastic-Bonded Explosives....Pages 35-45
Cleaning of Gaseous Products from Thermal Waste Treatment....Pages 47-69
Introduction of Green Plants for the Control of Metals and Organics in Environmental Remediation....Pages 71-84
Removal of Arsenical By-Products from Chemical Warfare Destruction Effluents....Pages 85-101
Effluents from Alternative Demilitarization Technologies....Pages 103-120
Risk Assessments of the Potential Hazard Connected with the Objects of Storage of Warfare Chemical Agents....Pages 121-139
Public Involvement: Matters for the People in Technology Applications....Pages 141-148
Green Cross Russia’s Experience in Forming the Program for Joint Activity of the Public and Government in the Destruction of Chemical Weapons....Pages 149-153
Research Needs....Pages 155-158
Appendix: Descriptions of Alternative Demilitarization Technologies and Estimated Mass Balances....Pages 159-213
Back Matter....Pages 215-217
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