Ebook: Somatostatin: Basic and Clinical Status

The discovery of hypothalamic factors that inhibited growth hormone secretion and of pancreatic factors that inhibited insulin secretion were the first clues to the existence of somatostatin. During the course of efforts to isolate growth hormone releasing factor, Krulich, McCann and Dhariwal found that hypothalamic extracts contained a potent inhibitor of growth hormone secretion. They postulated that growth hormone secretion was under a dual control system, one inhibitory and the other excitatory (I) . In studies being carried out at about the same time, Hellman and Lernmark found a factor in pancreatic extracts that inhibited insulin secretion (2). They postulated that islet cell function was regulated by local hormonal factors. With the isolation and chemical characterization of somatostatin by Brazeau and colleagues (3), and the availability of relatively large amounts of the synthetic peptide for research, it has been possible to demonstrate that both predictions were true. Subsequent work revealed that somatostatin, as initially isolated (somatostatin 14), was but one of several related peptides, part of a multigene family, with tissue specific processing. Many of the details of biosynthesis and genetic control have been worked out, and this molecule has served many workers as a model gut-brain peptide for detailed study. The peptides are widely distributed in tissues and exert an extraordinary range of effects on most glandular secretions, both internal and external.

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Regulation and Diversity of Peptide Hormone Gene Expression....Pages 3-12
Structure and Regulation of the Rat Somatostatin Gene....Pages 13-19
Regulation of Somatostatin Gene Expression by Cyclic AMP....Pages 21-32
Peptides Derived from Mammalian Prosomatostatin....Pages 33-50
Expression of Preprosomatostatin in Foreign Cells: Secretion of Mature Somatostatin by Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae)....Pages 51-58
Cotranslational and Posttranslational Proteolytic Processing of Preprosomatostatin-I and Preprosomatostatin-II in Intact Islet Tissue....Pages 59-70
Environmental Regulation of Neurotransmitter Phenotypic Expression in Sympathetic Neurons....Pages 71-79
Front Matter....Pages 81-81
Side Chain Conformations of Somatostatin Analogs when Bound to Receptors....Pages 83-88
Somatostatin Receptor: Evidence for Functional and Structural Heterogeneity....Pages 89-102
Structural Analysis of Somatostatin Receptors....Pages 103-109
Mode of Action of Somatostatin in Islet B-Cells: Influence on Glucose-, L-Isoleucine- and Glyburide-Induced Electrical Activity....Pages 111-119
Mechanisms by which Somatostatin Inhibits Pituitary Hormone Release....Pages 121-135
Molecular Mechanisms of Somatostatin Inhibition of Hormone Release from AtT-20 Cells....Pages 137-145
Front Matter....Pages 147-147
Regulation of Hypothalamic Somatostatin Secretion....Pages 149-156
Somatostatin and Behavior: Preclinical and Clinical Studies....Pages 157-167
Physiological Significance of Somatostatin in Growth Hormone Regulation....Pages 169-182
Somatostatin and Depression....Pages 183-192
Cytoprotection by Somatostatins....Pages 193-200
Evidence for Paracrine Function of Somatostatin....Pages 201-208
Evidence for the Endocrine Role of Somatostatin....Pages 209-217
Front Matter....Pages 219-219
Gut Somatostatin....Pages 221-228
Regulation of Somatostatin Release from Dispersed Canine Fundic D-Cells....Pages 229-237
Antral Somatostatin: A Paracrine Regulator of Gastrin Secretion....Pages 239-251
Somatostatin Inhibits Intestinal Motility via Modulation of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Cholinergic Transmission....Pages 253-258
Multiple Mechanisms Appear to Underlie the Antisecretory Action of Somatostatin on Acid Secretion....Pages 259-265
Somatostatin in Gastrointestinal Function: Intestinal Absorption and Secretion....Pages 267-273
Effect of Somatostatin on Exocrine Pancreas....Pages 275-283
Somatostatin, Clearance and Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion in Duodenal Ulcer Patients....Pages 285-290
Front Matter....Pages 291-291
Effect of a Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog (Sms 201–995) on Glucose Homeostasis in Type I Diabetes and in Acromegaly....Pages 293-302
Treatment of Diabetes with L363,586....Pages 303-311
Somatostatin and Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage....Pages 313-317
Somatostatin and Analogs in the Management of Variceal Hemorrhage....Pages 319-326
Somatostatin in the Treatment of Hematemesis and Melena....Pages 327-331
Somatostatin Octapeptide in the Medical Treatment of Acromegaly....Pages 333-336
Efficacy and Safety of a Somatostatin Analogue in Active Acromegaly....Pages 337-341
Treatment of Gut-Associated Neuroendocrine Tumors with the Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog, SMS 201-995....Pages 343-356
Somatostatin in the Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis....Pages 357-364
Back Matter....Pages 365-373

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Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xi
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Regulation and Diversity of Peptide Hormone Gene Expression....Pages 3-12
Structure and Regulation of the Rat Somatostatin Gene....Pages 13-19
Regulation of Somatostatin Gene Expression by Cyclic AMP....Pages 21-32
Peptides Derived from Mammalian Prosomatostatin....Pages 33-50
Expression of Preprosomatostatin in Foreign Cells: Secretion of Mature Somatostatin by Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae)....Pages 51-58
Cotranslational and Posttranslational Proteolytic Processing of Preprosomatostatin-I and Preprosomatostatin-II in Intact Islet Tissue....Pages 59-70
Environmental Regulation of Neurotransmitter Phenotypic Expression in Sympathetic Neurons....Pages 71-79
Front Matter....Pages 81-81
Side Chain Conformations of Somatostatin Analogs when Bound to Receptors....Pages 83-88
Somatostatin Receptor: Evidence for Functional and Structural Heterogeneity....Pages 89-102
Structural Analysis of Somatostatin Receptors....Pages 103-109
Mode of Action of Somatostatin in Islet B-Cells: Influence on Glucose-, L-Isoleucine- and Glyburide-Induced Electrical Activity....Pages 111-119
Mechanisms by which Somatostatin Inhibits Pituitary Hormone Release....Pages 121-135
Molecular Mechanisms of Somatostatin Inhibition of Hormone Release from AtT-20 Cells....Pages 137-145
Front Matter....Pages 147-147
Regulation of Hypothalamic Somatostatin Secretion....Pages 149-156
Somatostatin and Behavior: Preclinical and Clinical Studies....Pages 157-167
Physiological Significance of Somatostatin in Growth Hormone Regulation....Pages 169-182
Somatostatin and Depression....Pages 183-192
Cytoprotection by Somatostatins....Pages 193-200
Evidence for Paracrine Function of Somatostatin....Pages 201-208
Evidence for the Endocrine Role of Somatostatin....Pages 209-217
Front Matter....Pages 219-219
Gut Somatostatin....Pages 221-228
Regulation of Somatostatin Release from Dispersed Canine Fundic D-Cells....Pages 229-237
Antral Somatostatin: A Paracrine Regulator of Gastrin Secretion....Pages 239-251
Somatostatin Inhibits Intestinal Motility via Modulation of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Cholinergic Transmission....Pages 253-258
Multiple Mechanisms Appear to Underlie the Antisecretory Action of Somatostatin on Acid Secretion....Pages 259-265
Somatostatin in Gastrointestinal Function: Intestinal Absorption and Secretion....Pages 267-273
Effect of Somatostatin on Exocrine Pancreas....Pages 275-283
Somatostatin, Clearance and Inhibition of Gastric Acid Secretion in Duodenal Ulcer Patients....Pages 285-290
Front Matter....Pages 291-291
Effect of a Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog (Sms 201–995) on Glucose Homeostasis in Type I Diabetes and in Acromegaly....Pages 293-302
Treatment of Diabetes with L363,586....Pages 303-311
Somatostatin and Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage....Pages 313-317
Somatostatin and Analogs in the Management of Variceal Hemorrhage....Pages 319-326
Somatostatin in the Treatment of Hematemesis and Melena....Pages 327-331
Somatostatin Octapeptide in the Medical Treatment of Acromegaly....Pages 333-336
Efficacy and Safety of a Somatostatin Analogue in Active Acromegaly....Pages 337-341
Treatment of Gut-Associated Neuroendocrine Tumors with the Long-Acting Somatostatin Analog, SMS 201-995....Pages 343-356
Somatostatin in the Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis....Pages 357-364
Back Matter....Pages 365-373
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