Ebook: Separation process engineering : includes mass transfer analysis

Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi Nomenclature xxiii Chapter 1: Introduction to Separation Process Engineering 1 1.1. Importance of Separations 1 1.2. Concept of Equilibrium 2 1.3. Mass Transfer 4 1.4. Problem-Solving Methods 5 1.5. Prerequisite Material 7 1.6. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering 7 1.7. Summary--Objectives 10 References 10 Homework 11 Chapter 2: Flash Distillation 13 2.1. Basic Method of Flash Distillation 13 2.2. Form and Sources of Equilibrium Data 15 2.3. Graphical Representation of Binary VLE 18 2.4. Binary Flash Distillation 22 2.5. Multicomponent VLE 30 2.6. Multicomponent Flash Distillation 34 2.7. Simultaneous Multicomponent Convergence 42 2.8. Three-Phase Flash Calculations 47 2.9. Size Calculation 48 2.10. Utilizing Existing Flash Drums 53 2.11. Summary--Objectives 54 References 54 Homework 56 Appendix A. Computer Simulation of Flash Distillation 67 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Flash Distillation 73 Chapter 3: Introduction to Column Distillation 79 3.1. Developing a Distillation Cascade 79 3.2. Distillation Equipment 86 3.3. Specifications 88 3.4. External Column Balances 91 3.5. Summary--Objectives 95 References 95 Homework 95 Chapter 4: Column Distillation: Internal Stage-by-Stage Balances 101 4.1. Internal Balances 101 4.2. Binary Stage-by-Stage Solution Methods 105 4.3. Introduction to the McCabe-Thiele Method 112 4.4. Feed Line 116 4.5. Complete McCabe-Thiele Method 124 4.6. Profiles for Binary Distillation 127 4.7. Open Steam Heating 129 4.8. General McCabe-Thiele Analysis Procedure 134 4.9. Other Distillation Column Situations 140 4.10. Limiting Operating Conditions 146 4.11. Efficiencies 148 4.12. Simulation Problems 150 4.13. New Uses for Old Columns 151 4.14. Subcooled Reflux and Superheated Boilup 153 4.15. Comparisons between Analytical and Graphical Methods 155 4.16. Summary--Objectives 156 References 158 Homework 159 Appendix A. Computer Simulations for Binary Distillation 173 Appendix B. Spreadsheets for Binary Binary Distillation 177 Chapter 5: Introduction to Multicomponent Distillation 183 5.1. Calculational Difficulties 183 5.2. Stage-By-Stage Calculations for Constant Molal Overflow and Constant Relative Volatility 189 5.3. Profiles for Multicomponent Distillation 193 5.4. Bubble-Point and Dew-Point Equilibrium Calculations 198 5.3. Summary--Objectives 203 References 203 Homework 203 Appendix. Spreadsheet Calculations for Ternary Distillation with Constant Relative Volatility 209 Chapter 6: Exact Calculation Procedures for Multicomponent Distillation 215 6.1. Introduction to Matrix Solution for Multicomponent Distillation 215 6.2. Component Mass Balances in Matrix Form 217 6.3. Initial Guesses for Flow Rates and Temperatures 220 6.4. Temperature Convergence 221 6.5. Energy Balances in Matrix Form 224 6.6. Introduction to Naphtali-Sandholm Simultaneous Convergence Method 227 6.7. Discussion 229 6.8. Summary--Objectives 230 References 230 Homework 230 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Multicomponent Column Distillation 237 Chapter 7: Approximate Shortcut Methods for Multicomponent Distillation 243 7.1. Total Reflux: Fenske Equation 243 7.2. Minimum Reflux: Underwood Equations 248 7.3. Gilliland Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux Ratio 253 7.4. Summary--Objectives 257 References 257 Homework 258 Chapter 8: Introduction to Complex Distillation Methods 265 8.1. Breaking Azeotropes with Other Separators 265 8.2. Binary Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation Processes 266 8.3. Steam Distillation 275 8.4. Two-Pressure Distillation Processes 279 8.5. Complex Ternary Distillation Systems 281 8.6. Extractive Distillation 290 8.7. Azeotropic Distillation with Added Solvent 296 8.8. Distillation with Chemical Reaction 300 8.9. Summary--Objectives 303 References 304 Homework 305 Appendix. Simulation of Complex Distillation Systems 321 Chapter 9: Batch Distillation 329 9.1. Binary Batch Distillation: Rayleigh Equation 331 9.2. Simple Binary Batch Distillation 332 9.3. Constant-Level Batch Distillation 336 9.4. Batch Steam Distillation 337 9.5. Multistage Batch Distillation 340 9.6. Operating Time 344 9.7. Summary--Objectives 346 References 347 Homework 347 Chapter 10: Staged and Packed Column Design 357 10.1. Staged Column Equipment Description 357 10.2. Tray Efficiencies 365 10.3. Column Diameter Calculations 370 10.4. Balancing Calculated Diameters 376 10.5. Sieve Tray Layout and Tray Hydraulics 378 10.6. Valve Tray Design 386 10.7. Introduction to Packed Column Design 388 10.8. Packed Column Internals 388 10.9. Height of Packing: HETP Method 390 10.10. Packed Column Flooding and Diameter Calculation 392 10.11. Economic Trade-Offs for Packed Columns 400 10.12. Choice of Column Type 401 10.13. Summary--Objectives 404 References 405 Homework 408 Appendix. Tray And Downcomer Design with Computer Simulator 416 Chapter 11: Economics and Energy Conservation in Distillation 419 11.1. Distillation Costs 419 11.2. Operating Effects on Costs 425 11.3. Changes in Plant Operating Rates 432 11.4. Energy Conservation in Distillation 433 11.5. Synthesis of Column Sequences for Almost Ideal Multicomponent Distillation 437 11.6. Synthesis of Distillation Systems for Nonideal Ternary Systems 442 11.7. Summary--Objectives 447 References 447 Homework 449 Chapter 12: Absorption and Stripping 455 12.1. Absorption and Stripping Equilibria 457 12.2. McCabe-Thiele Solution for Dilute Absorption 459 12.3. Stripping Analysis for Dilute Systems 462 12.4. Analytical Solution for Dilute Systems: Kremser Equation 463 12.5. Efficiencies 469 12.6. McCabe-Thiele Analysis for More Concentrated Systems 470 12.7. Column Diameter 474 12.8. Dilute Multisolute Absorbers and Strippers 476 12.9. Matrix Solution for Concentrated Absorbers and Strippers 478 12.10. Irreversible Absorption and Co-Current Cascades 482 12.11. Summary--Objectives 484 References 484 Homework 485 Appendix. Computer Simulations for Absorption and Stripping 494 Chapter 13: Liquid-Liquid Extraction 499 13.1. Extraction Processes and Equipment 499 13.2. Countercurrent Extraction 503 13.3. Dilute Fractional Extraction 511 13.4. Immiscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Extraction 515 13.5. Concentrated Immiscible Extraction 519 13.6. Immiscible Batch Extraction 520 13.7. Extraction Equilibrium for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems 522 13.8. Mixing Calculations and the Lever-Arm Rule 524 13.9. Partially Miscible Single-Stage and Cross-Flow Systems 528 13.10. Countercurrent Extraction Cascades for Partially Miscible Systems 531 13.11. Relationship between McCabe-Thiele and Triangular Diagrams for Partially Miscible Systems 539 13.12. Minimum Solvent Rate for Partially Miscible Systems 540 13.13. Extraction Computer Simulations 542 13.14. Design of Mixer-Settlers 543 13.15. Introduction to Design of Reciprocating-Plate (Karr) Columns 557 13.16. Summary--Objectives 558 References 559 Homework 561 Appendix. Computer Simulation of Extraction 572 Chapter 14: Washing, Leaching, and Supercritical Extraction 575 14.1. Generalized McCabe-Thiele and Kremser Procedures 575 14.2. Washing 576 14.3. Leaching with Constant Flow Rates 582 14.4. Leaching with Variable Flow Rates 584 14.5. Supercritical Fluid Extraction 587 14.6. Application to Other Separations 590 14.7. Summary--Objectives 590 References 590 Homework 591 Chapter 15: Introduction to Diffusion and Mass Transfer 599 15.1. Molecular Movement Leads to Mass Transfer 600 15.2. Fickian Model of Diffusivity 602 15.3. Values and Correlations for Fickian Binary Diffusivities 616 15.4. Linear Driving-Force Model of Mass Transfer for Binary Systems 622 15.5. Correlations for Mass-Transfer Coefficients 628 15.6. Difficulties with Fickian Diffusion Model 640 15.7. Maxwell-Stefan Model of Diffusion and Mass Transfer 641 15.8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Diffusion and Mass-Transfer Models 655 15.9. Summary--Objectives 655 References 656 Homework 657 Appendix. Spreadsheet for Example 15-6 661 Chapter 16: Mass Transfer Analysis for Distillation, Absorption, Stripping, and Extraction 663 16.1. HTU-NTU Analysis of Packed Distillation Columns 663 16.2. Relationship of HETP and HTU 673 16.3. Mass Transfer Correlations for Packed Towers 675 16.4. HTU-NTU Analysis of Absorbers and Strippers 683 16.5. HTU-NTU Analysis of Co-Current Absorbers 688 16.6. Prediction of Distillation Tray Efficiency 690 16.7. Mass-Transfer Analysis of Extraction 693 16.8. Rate-Based Analysis of Distillation 708 16.9. Summary--Objectives 712 References 713 Homework 714 Appendix. Computer Rate-Based Simulation of Distillation 721 Chapter 17: Introduction to Membrane Separation Processes 725 17.1. Membrane Separation Equipment 727 17.2. Membrane Concepts 731 17.3. Gas Permeation 733 17.4. Reverse Osmosis 749 17.5. Ultrafiltration (UF) 765 17.6. Pervaporation (PERVAP) 771 17.7. Bulk Flow Pattern Effects 781 17.8. Summary--Objectives 788 References 788 Homework 790 Appendix. Spreadsheets for Flow Pattern Calculations for Gas Permeation 798 Chapter 18: Introduction to Adsorption, Chromatography, and Ion Exchange 805 18.1. Sorbents and Sorption Equilibrium 806 18.2. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Basics and Applications to Chromatography 819 18.3. Solute Movement Analysis for Linear Systems: Thermal and Pressure Swing Adsorption and Simulated Moving Beds 828 18.4. Nonlinear Solute Movement Analysis 851 18.6. Mass and Energy Transfer in Packed Beds 870 18.7. Mass Transfer Solutions for Linear Systems 877 18.8. LUB Approach for Nonlinear Systems 886 18.9. Checklist for Practical Design and Operation 890 18.10. Summary--Objectives 892 References 892 Homework 895 Appendix. Introduction to the Aspen Chromatography Simulator 909 Appendix A: Aspen Plus Troubleshooting Guide for Separations 915 Appendix B: Instructions for Fitting VLE and LLE Data with Aspen Plus 919 Appendix C: Unit Conversions and Physical Constants 921 Appendix D:Data Locations 923 Answers to Selected Problems 931 Index 939