Ebook: Head and Neck Cancer Imaging

Imaging is crucial in the multidisciplinary approach to head and neck cancer management. The rapid technological development of recent years makes it necessary for all members of the multidisciplinary team to understand the potential applications, limitations, and advantages of existing and evolving imaging technologies. It is equally important that the radiologist has sufficient clinical background knowledge to understand the clinical significance of imaging findings. This book provides an overview of the findings obtained using different imaging techniques during the evaluation of head and neck neoplasms, both before and after therapy. All anatomic areas in the head and neck are covered, and the impact of imaging on patient management is discussed in detail. The authors are recognized experts in the field, and numerous high-quality images are included. This second edition provides information on the latest imaging developments in this area, including the application of PET-CT and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

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Imaging is crucial in the multidisciplinary approach to head and neck cancer management. The rapid technological development of recent years makes it necessary for all members of the multidisciplinary team to understand the potential applications, limitations, and advantages of existing and evolving imaging technologies. It is equally important that the radiologist has sufficient clinical background knowledge to understand the clinical significance of imaging findings. This book provides an overview of the findings obtained using different imaging techniques during the evaluation of head and neck neoplasms, both before and after therapy. All anatomic areas in the head and neck are covered, and the impact of imaging on patient management is discussed in detail. The authors are recognized experts in the field, and numerous high-quality images are included. This second edition provides information on the latest imaging developments in this area, including the application of PET-CT and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Table of Contents Cover Head and Neck Cancer Imaging, Second Edition ISBN 9783642178689 eISBN 9783642178696 Foreword Preface Contents (with page links) Contributors Introduction: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathology, and Natural History of Head and Neck Neoplasms Abstract 1 Epidemiology: Frequency Measures and Risk Factors 1.1 Frequency Measure: Incidence 1.2 Risk Factors for the Development of Head and Neck Malignancies 2 Pathology and Natural History of Frequent Benign and Malignant Head and Neck Neoplasms 2.1 Epithelial Neoplasms of the Mucous Membranes 2.2 Glandular Neoplasms Acknowledgment References Clinical and Endoscopic Examination of the Head and Neck Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Neck 3 Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 4 Nasopharynx 5 Oral Cavity 6 Oropharynx 7 Larynx 8 Hypopharynx and Cervical Esophagus 9 Salivary Glands 10 Thyroid Gland 11 Role of Imaging Studies References Imaging Techniques Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Plain Radiography 3 Ultrasonography 4 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4.1 Computed Tomography 4.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 5 Nuclear Imaging 5.1 Physical Aspects 5.2 Radiopharmaceuticals 5.3 Technical Aspects of FDG-PET and Integrated FDG-PET/CT in Head and Neck Cancer References Laryngeal Neoplasms Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Normal Laryngeal Anatomy 2.1 Laryngeal Skeleton 2.2 Mucosal Layer and Deeper Laryngeal Spaces 2.3 Normal Radiological Anatomy 3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 3.1 General Imaging Findings 3.2 Neoplastic Extension Patterns of Laryngeal Cancer 4 Prognostic Factors for Local Outcome of Laryngeal Cancer 4.1 Treatment Options 4.2 Impact of Imaging on Treatment Choice and Prognostic Accuracy 4.3 Use of Imaging Parameters as Prognostic Factors for Local Outcome Independently from the TN-Classification 5 Posttreatment Imaging in Laryngeal Cancer 5.1 Expected Findings After Treatment 5.2 Persistent or Recurrent Cancer 5.3 Treatment Complications 6 Non-Squamous Cell Laryngeal Neoplasms 6.1 Minor Salivary Gland Neoplasms 6.2 Mesenchymal Malignancies 6.3 Hematopoietic Malignancies References Hypopharynx and Proximal Esophagus Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Anatomy 2.1 Descriptive Anatomy 2.2 Imaging Anatomy 3 Pathology 3.1 Non-Squamous Cell Malignancies 3.2 Squamous Cell Malignancies 3.3 Secondary Involvement by Other Tumors 4 Cross-Sectional Imaging 5 Radiologist's Role 5.1 Pretreatment 5.2 During Treatment 5.3 Posttreatment 5.4 Detection of Second Primary Tumors References Neoplasms of the Oral Cavity Abstract 1 Anatomy 1.1 The Floor of the Mouth 1.2 The Tongue 1.3 The Lips and Gingivobuccal Regions 1.4 The Hard Palate and the Region of the Retromolar Trigone 1.5 Lymphatic Drainage 2 Preferred Imaging Modalities 3 Pathology 3.1 Benign Lesions 3.2 Squamous Cell Cancer 3.3 Other Malignant Tumors 3.4 Recurrent Cancer References Neoplasms of the Oropharynx Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Normal Anatomy 3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma 3.1 Tonsillar Cancer 3.2 Tongue Base Cancer 3.3 Soft Palate Cancer 3.4 Posterior Oropharyngeal Wall Cancer 3.5 Lymphatic Spread 4 Treatment 5 Posttreatment Imaging 6 Other Neoplastic Disease 6.1 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 6.2 Salivary Gland Tumors 6.3 Other References Neoplasms of the Nasopharynx Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Imaging Anatomy of the Nasopharynx 3 Imaging of Pathologic Anatomy of the Nasopharynx 3.1 Tumour Spread 3.2 Nodal Metastasis 3.3 Systemic Metastasis 3.4 Tumour Volume 4 Clinical Imaging 4.1 Occult Malignancy 4.2 Staging of Malignancy 4.3 Follow-up 5 Other Neoplasms of the Nasopharynx References Parapharyngeal Space Neoplasms Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Anatomy 2.1 Fascial Layers and Compartments 2.2 Radiological Anatomy 3 Imaging Findings in Parapharyngeal Space Lesions 3.1 Primary Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space 3.2 Secondary Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space 4 Conclusion References Malignant Lesions of the Masticator Space Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Imaging Techniques 3 General Imaging Findings 4 Imaging Findings of Primary Malignancies 5 Imaging Findings of Secondary Malignancies 6 Posttreatment Imaging 7 Benign Conditions Mimicking Malignancy 8 Summary References Neoplasms of the Sinonasal Cavities Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Normal Radiological Anatomy 3 Indications for Imaging Studies 4 Imaging Appearance and Extension Patterns of Sinonasal Neoplasms 4.1 Appearance of the Tumor Mass on CT and MRI 4.2 Extension Towards Neighboring Structures 5 Tumor Types 5.1 Epithelial Tumors 5.2 Non-Epithelial Tumors 6 Imaging After Therapy References Parotid Gland and Other Salivary Gland Tumors Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Anatomy 3 Imaging Issues 4 Benign Parotid Tumors 4.1 Benign Mixed Tumor or Pleomorphic Adenoma 4.2 Warthin Tumor or Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatosum 4.3 Other Benign Tumors 4.4 Congenital Tumors 4.5 Cystic Tumors 5 Malignant Parotid Tumors 5.1 Histologic Classification 5.2 Imaging Findings 6 Difficult Cases 7 Pseudo-Tumors of the Parotid Gland 7.1 Sjögren Syndrome 7.2 Sarcoidosis 7.3 Intraparotid Lymph Nodes 8 Tumors of the Other Salivary Glands 8.1 Minor Salivary Glands Tumors 8.2 Submandibular Gland Tumors 8.3 Sublingual Gland Tumors 9 Conclusion References Malignant Lesions of the Central and Posterior Skull Base Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Anatomy 2.1 Central Skull Base 2.2 Posterior Skull Base 3 Clinical Presentation 4 Normal Anatomical Variations 5 Pathology 5.1 Malignant Lesions Causing Diffuse or Multi-focal Skull Base Involvement 5.2 Mimics of Malignant Lesions Causing Diffuse or Multi-focal Skull Base Involvement 5.3 Non-region Specific, Localized Malignant Skull Base Lesions 5.4 Mimics of Non-region Specific, Localized Malignant Skull Base Lesions 5.5 Malignant Central Skull Base Lesions 5.6 Mimics of Malignant Central Skull Base Lesions 5.7 Malignant Lesions at the Junction of Central to Posterior Skull Base 5.8 Malignant Posterior Skull Base Lesions 5.9 Mimics of Malignant Posterior Skull Base Lesions 6 Imaging Protocols 7 Radiologist's Role References Thyroid and Parathyroid Neoplasms Abstract 1 Thyroid Neoplasms 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Epidemiology and Aetiology 1.3 Classification and Staging 1.4 Imaging at Diagnosis 1.5 Clinical, Imaging and Histological Features, Treatment and Prognosis 1.6 Surveillance 2 Parathyroid Neoplasms 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Anatomy and Embryology 2.3 Epidemiology and Aetiology 2.4 Clinical Features 2.5 Classification and Staging 2.6 Imaging References Neck Nodal Disease Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Nodal Group Classification and Pathways of Lymphatic Drainage 3 Imaging Modalities 3.1 CT and MRI 3.2 US and US-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology 3.3 FDG-PET Imaging 3.4 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging 3.5 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 3.6 Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI 3.7 Lymphoscintigraphy for Sentinel Node Localisation 4 Imaging Criteria for Malignant Nodes 4.1 Size 4.2 Shape 4.3 Hilum 4.4 Vascular Pattern 4.5 Parenchymal Heterogeneity and Necrosis 4.6 Border Irregularity 4.7 FDG-PET Uptake 4.8 Functional MRI 5 Micrometastases 6 Nodal Staging 7 Impact of Nodal Imaging on Patient Management 7.1 Detection of Metastatic Nodes 7.2 Extracapsular Tumour Spread 7.3 Identification of Patients at High Risk for Distant Metastases 8 Treatment Assessment 8.1 Prediction of Treatment Response to (Chemo)radiotherapy 8.2 Post Treatment Assessment 8.3 Post Treatment Surveillance 9 Brief Overview of Non-HNSCC Lymphadenopathies 9.1 Lymphoma 9.2 Other Head and Neck Carcinomas 9.3 Non-malignant Lymphadenopathy 10 Conclusion References Neck Lymphoma Abstract 1 Introduction 1.1 Epidemiology 1.2 Aetiology 1.3 Pathology and Classifications 2 Hodgkin's Lymphoma 3 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL) and Specific Entities 4 Work-up 4.1 Diagnosis 4.2 Initial Imaging 4.3 Staging 5 Treatment 6 Response Assessment 7 Nodal Disease 7.1 The Common Sites 7.2 The Uncommon Sites 8 Extranodal Disease 8.1 Waldeyer's Ring and the Upper Aerodigestive Tract 8.2 Orbit 8.3 Salivary Glands 8.4 Sinonasal Cavities 8.5 Thyroid 8.6 Bone 8.7 Skin 9 Conclusion References Positron Emission Tomography in Head and Neck Cancer Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Clinical Applications 2.1 Pretreatment 2.2 Treatment Planning 2.3 Treatment Surveillance 2.4 Special Considerations for Some Histological Tumor Types 3 Conclusion References Use of Imaging in Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer: General Principles 3 Overview of Imaging Used in Radiotherapy 3.1 CT 3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3.3 PET 4 Applications of Imaging Data in Radiation Oncology 4.1 Diagnosis and Staging 4.2 Radiotherapy Planning: Anatomic Information 4.3 Radiotherapy Planning: Biological Information 4.4 Treatment Verification 4.5 Response Prediction Using Biological Imaging 4.6 Follow-Up 5 Conclusions and Future Challenges References Index (page links)

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Imaging is crucial in the multidisciplinary approach to head and neck cancer management. The rapid technological development of recent years makes it necessary for all members of the multidisciplinary team to understand the potential applications, limitations, and advantages of existing and evolving imaging technologies. It is equally important that the radiologist has sufficient clinical background knowledge to understand the clinical significance of imaging findings. This book provides an overview of the findings obtained using different imaging techniques during the evaluation of head and neck neoplasms, both before and after therapy. All anatomic areas in the head and neck are covered, and the impact of imaging on patient management is discussed in detail. The authors are recognized experts in the field, and numerous high-quality images are included. This second edition provides information on the latest imaging developments in this area, including the application of PET-CT and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.