Ebook: Fundamentals of Chemistry

Description

This book is about fundamental concepts that any chemistry student should not only be aware of but proficient at. This book deals with the states of matter, the mole, the shapes of molecules, the elements and their properties in the periodic table, the electronic structure of the elements and includes many numerical examples to apply the newly-learned concepts. Solutions to the exercises will be provided in the second volume of “Fundamental of Chemistry”.

Content

Fundamentals of Chemistry
Aim of this Book
Scope of this Book
Substances and Reactions
Classifying Substances
Solids, Liquids and Gases
Changing state
Element
Metals & Non-metals
Chemical symbols
Compound
Mixture
Physical separation
Physical and chemical change
Elements, mixtures or compounds?
Atomic theory
Chemical formulae
Ion
Naming Compounds
Chemical Equations Subatomic Structure Relative Atomic Mass
Chemical equations
Atomic Structure
Fundamental subatomic particles
Chemical Masses
Mass spectrometer
Th e Mole
Introduction
Why is the mole useful?
Molecules
Ionic compounds
Useful relationships involving the mole
Mass Percentage composition of elements in compounds
Empirical formulae of compounds
Th eoretical yield
Percentage yield
Limiting reagent
Solutions and Concentrations
Introduction
Dissolving
Concentration
Changing volume
Most useful unit of concentration - Molarity
Equation to learn
Ionic Solutions
Diluting Solutions
Th e pH scale
Other units for concentration
Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectroscopy
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Definition of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
Energy of Light
Emission Spectra
Absorption Spectra
Uses of spectroscopy
Quantum theory
Interpreting electronic spectra
Quantum-Mechanical Model
Sublevels
s orbitals
p orbitals
d orbitals
Quantum Numbers
Th e Pauli Exclusion Principle
Electronic Confi guration
Th e Aufb au Principle
Summary
Electron Confi guration Bonding Redox equations
Valence Electrons and Bonding
Valence electrons
Bonding
Lewis diagrams
Single and multiple covalent bonds
Redox reactions
Summary
Shapes of Molecules
Exceptions to the octet rule
Exceptions to the octet rule
Limitations of Lewis structures
Shapes of covalent molecules
Molecules with lone pairs
Distorted shapes
Exercise - What shape is an ammonia molecule?
Non-equivalent positions
Molecules with lone pairs
Limitations with Lewis structures
Metallic bonding
Ionic and Covalent
Electronegativity
Polar bonds
Intermolecular forces
Chemical Bonding and Solid Structures
Introduction
Giant metallic structures and their properties
Giant Ionic structures and their properties
Molecular structures and their properties
Simple molecular structures and their properties
Trends in the Periodic Table
Historical trends
Mendeleev’s table ()
Modern Periodic Table
Metals / non-metals
Physical Properties
Electronegativity
Trends across a Period
Trends down a Group
Thermochemistry
Introduction
Forms of Energy
Energy and Chemical Reactions
Enthalpy, H
Heat Energy and Chemical Reactions
Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change
Endothermic reactions
Enthalpy and Enthalpy Change
Th ermochemical equations
Standard State Enthalpy Changes
Standard State Enthalpies
Specifi c heat capacity
Standard State Enthalpies
Summary
About the Author

Doctor Romain R. El Sair BSc, MSc, MPhil, PhD, AMRSC

Dr. Romain El Sair studied at the Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Italy (BSc), at the Université des Sciences et Techniques in Nantes, France (MSc) and Brighton, UK where he gained a Doctorate Degree in Organic Chemistry in the year 2010. Romain’s PhD thesis is entitled “Synthesis and Reaction of Novel Bridgehead Heterocycles” where he developed a quick and cheap approach to potentially synthesise anti-cancer molecules. Romain has spent three years from 2009 to 2011, teaching chemistry in both laboratories and classes.

He focussed his teaching on analytical and physical chemistry whilst laboratories were more organic chemistry orientated. Romain has taught students at various academic levels from A-Level to Masters Degree and has been involved in several research projects with BSc and MSc students. Romain is a Fellow Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry since 2006.

Since 2009, Romain started to work in the Renewables Energy sector where he specialised in the solar photovoltaic (PV) field. He currently works for a large engineering company based in Brighton, undertaking the technical assessment of multi-million solar PV plants for mainly Lenders, Invertors, Funds and Banks.

His major interest in the PV sector includes the estimation of the energy output generated by the plant and the assessment of the solar resource at any particular location on the planet. Romain has been involved with PV projects in several countries (France, Spain, UK, Czech Republic, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, South Africa and Thailand).