Ebook: Liquid biofuel production
Author: Chaudhary Gaurav, Singh Lalit Kumar
- Tags: Biomass energy, Liquid fuels, Motor fuels, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING--Chemical & Biochemical, Electronic books, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING -- Chemical & Biochemical
- Year: 2019
- Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
- City: Hoboken, NJ
- Language: English
- pdf
1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1
Opubo Gbanaye Benebo
1.1 Biofuel Production Background 1
1.1.1 General Limitations 2
1.1.2 Limitation of Cashcrop Raw Material 4
1.1.3 Limitations of Algae Raw Materials Remediation 5
1.1.4 Limitations Remediation 5
1.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 8
1.2.1 Algae Cultivation Assessment 8
1.2.2 Algal Cultivation Inefficiencies Remediation 11
1.2.3 Technology Development 12
1.2.4 Lessons from the Algae Biofuel Industry Collapse 13
1.2.5 Process Development Norms 14
1.2.6 Research Team 15
1.2.7 Alga Cultivation General Issues 16
1.2.8 Biofuel Process Technology 17
1.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 18
1.3.1 Cellular Reaction Kinetics Analysis 19
1.3.2 Cultivation Bench-Scale Model Design 20
1.3.3 Cultivation Bioreactor 21
1.3.4 Concentrator Harvesting of Cells 21
1.3.5 Cell Rupture Technology 21
1.3.6 BioFeedstock Separation Process 22
1.3.7 Bench-Scale Cultivation Process Technology 23
1.3.8 Process Technology Financial Viability Design 23
1.3.9 Process Technology Sustainability Engineering 24
1.3.10 Process Technology Optimization Engineering 25
1.3.11 Base Cultivation Process Technology 26
1.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26
1.4.1 Resourcing Algal Biomass 27
1.4.2 Microbes Nutrients-Feed Production 28
1.4.3 Fermentation Process Technology 28
1.4.4 Biodiesel Process Technology 29
1.4.5 Biorefinery Process Technology 29
1.4.6 Engineering Cost Impact Analysis 30
Acknowledgment 32
About the Author 33
References 34
2 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35
Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Algal Biomass Production 38
2.2.1 Growth Conditions 38
2.2.1.1 Temperature 38
2.2.1.2 Light Intensity 38
2.2.1.3 pH 39
2.2.1.4 Aeration and Mixing 39
2.2.1.5 Salinity 39
2.2.2 Photoautotrophic Production 40
2.2.2.1 Open Pond Production Pathway 40
2.2.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 40
2.2.3 Harvesting and Dewatering of Algal Biomass 42
2.2.3.1 Flocculation 42
2.2.3.2 Chemical Flocculation 42
2.2.3.3 Electroflocculation 42
2.2.3.4 Biofloculation 43
2.2.3.5 Magnetic Separation of Algae 43
2.2.3.6 Dissolved Air Flotation 43
2.2.3.7 Filtration 43
2.2.3.8 Centrifugation 43
2.2.3.9 Attachment/Biofilm-Based Systems 44
2.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 44
2.3.1 Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 45
2.3.2 Vertical Tubular Photobioreactors 45
2.3.2.1 Bubble Column 45
2.3.2.2 Airlift Reactors 46
2.3.3 Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactors 46
2.3.4 Flat Panel Photobioreactor 47
2.4 Algal Biofuels -- Feedstock of the Future 48
2.4.1 Biohydrogen 49
2.4.2 Biobutanol 49
2.4.3 Jet Fuel 50
2.4.4 Biogas 50
2.4.5 Bioethanol 51
2.5 Biofuel Pathways 51
2.5.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 52
2.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 52
2.5.3 Alcoholic Fermentation 53
2.5.4 Biophotolysis 53
2.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 53
2.6.1 Algae in Human Nutrition 54
2.6.2 Algae in Animal and Aquaculture Feed 54
2.6.3 Algae as Fertilizer 55
2.6.4 Algae as Recombinant Protein 56
2.6.5 Algae as Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 56
2.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 57
2.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 58
2.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 61
2.10 Conclusion 63
References 64
3 Waste Biomass Utilization for Liquid Fuels: Challenges & Solution 73
Sourish Bhattacharya, Surajbhan Sevda, Pooja Bachani, Vamsi Bharadwaj and Sandhya Mishra
3.1 Introduction 74
3.2 Waste Biomass and its Types 75
3.3 Major Waste Biomass Conversion Routes 76
3.4 Metabolic Engineering in Yeast for Accumulation of C5
Sugars along with C6 Sugars 77
3.5 Genetic Engineering for Improved Xylose Fermentation by Yeasts 77
3.6 Biofuel from Microalgae through Mixotrophic Approach Utilizing Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate 80
3.7 Conclusion 82
References 83
4 Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Feedstock via Thermochemical Routes 89
Long T. Duong, Phuet Prasertcharoensuk and Anh N. Phan
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Fast Pyrolysis 92
4.2.1 Principles 92
4.2.2 Reactors 92
4.2.2.1 Bubbling Fluid Bed 94
4.2.2.2 Circulating Fluid Bed 94
4.2.2.3 Rotating Cone 100
4.2.2.4 Ablative Pyrolysis 100
4.2.2.5 Screw Reactor 101
4.2.2.6 Other Reaction Systems 102
4.2.3 Bio-Oil Composition and Properties 103
4.2.4 Factors Affecting on Biomass Pyrolysis 105
4.2.4.1 Feedstock 105
4.2.4.2 Biomass Pre-Treatment 105
4.2.4.3 Temperature and Carrier Gas Flow Rate 110
4.3 Bio-Oil Upgrading 111
4.3.1 Hydrodeoxygenation 111
4.3.2 Catalytic Cracking 114
4.3.3 Fast Hydropyrolysis 116
4.3.4 Cold Plasma 117
4.4 Gasification 126
4.4.1 Types of Gasifier 130
4.4.1.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 130
4.4.1.2 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 135
4.4.1.3 Entrained Flow Gasifier 137
4.4.2 Influence of Operating Parameters on Gasification Process 138
4.4.2.1 Equivalence Ratio 138
4.4.2.2 Steam to Biomass Ratio 138
4.4.2.3 Gasifying Agents 139
4.4.2.4 Gasification Temperature 139
4.5 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 140
4.5.1 Fischer-Tropsch Reactors 140
4.5.1.1 Multi-Tubular Fixed Bed 141
4.5.1.2 Slurry Bubble Column 141
4.5.1.3 Fluidized Bed 143
4.5.2 Catalysts 143
4.5.3 Influence of Operating Parameters on Fisher-Tropsch Synthesis 145
4.6 Summary 147
References 148
5 Exploring the Potential of Carbohydrate Rich Algal Biomass as Feedstock for Bioethanol Production 167
Jaskiran Kaur and Yogalakshmi K.N.
5.1 Introduction 168
5.2 Microalgae and Macroalgae as Bioethanol Feedstock 169
5.3 Process Involved for Production of Bioethanol from Algae 176
5.4 Algal Biomass Cultivation 177
5.4.1 Open Pond Systems 177
5.4.2 Closed Photobioreactors (PBR) 179
5.5 Pretreatment of Algal Biomass 180
5.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 181
5.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 182
5.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 183
5.6 Fermentation of Algal Hydrolysate 183
5.7 Distillation 184
5.8 Manipulation of Algal Biomass 185
5.9 Pros and Cons of Bioethanol Production from Algae 186
5.10 Conclusions 187
References 187
6 Development of Acid-Base-Enzyme Pretreatment and Hydrolysis of Palm Oil Mill Effluent for Bioethanol Production 197
Nibedita Deb, Md. Zahangir Alam, Maan Fahmi Rashid Al-khatib and Amal Elgharbawy
6.1 Introduction 198
6.2 Biomass Energy 200
6.3 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) 201
6.4 Pome Characterization 203
6.5 Pretreatment 203
6.5.1 Physical and Physicochemical Pretreatment 204
6.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 205
6.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 206
6.6 Hydrolysis 206
6.6.1 Concentrated Acid Hydrolysis 206
6.6.2 Dilute Acid Hydrolysis 207
6.6.3 Base Hydrolysis 207