Ebook: Materials: engineering, science, processing and design

18 Heat, beat, stick and polish: manufacturing processes -- 18.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 18.2.Process selection in design -- 18.3.Process attributes: material compatibility -- 18.4.Shaping processes: attributes and origins -- 18.5.Joining processes: attributes and origins -- 18.6.Surface treatment (finishing) processes: attributes and origins -- 18.7.Estimating cost for shaping processes -- 18.8.Computer-aided process selection -- 18.9.Case studies -- 18.10.Summary and conclusions -- 18.11.Further reading -- 18.12.Exercises -- 18.13.Exploring design with CES -- 18.14.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 19 Follow the recipe: processing and properties -- 19.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 19.2.Processing for properties -- 19.3.Microstructure of materials -- 19.4.Microstructure evolution in processing -- 19.5.Metals processing -- 19.6.Non-metals processing -- 19.7.Making hybrid materials -- 19.8.Summary and conclusions -- 19.9.Further reading -- 19.10.Exercises -- 19.11.Exploring design with CES -- Guided Learning Unit 2: Phase diagrams and phase transformations -- Introduction and synopsis -- pt. 1 Key terminology -- pt. 2 Simple phase diagrams, and how to read them -- pt. 3 The iron-carbon diagram -- pt. 4 Interpreting more complex phase diagrams -- pt. 5 Phase transformations and microstructural evolution -- pt. 6 Equilibrium solidification -- pt. 7 Equilibrium solid-state phase changes -- pt. 8 Non-equilibrium solid-state phase changes -- Further reading -- Further exercises -- ch. 20 Materials, processes and the environment -- 20.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 20.2.Material consumption and its growth -- 20.3.The material life cycle and criteria for assessment -- 20.4.Definitions and measurement: embodied energy, process energy and recycling energy -- 20.5.Charts for embodied energy -- 20.6.Design: selecting materials for eco-design -- 20.7.Materials and sustainability -- 20.8.Summary and conclusions -- 20.9.Appendix: some useful quantities -- 20.10.Further reading -- 20.11.Exercises -- 20.12.Exploring design with CES -- 20.13.Exercises on sustainability.;Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction: materials -- history and character -- 1.1.Materials, processes and choice -- 1.2.Material properties -- 1.3.Design-limiting properties -- 1.4.Summary and conclusions -- 1.5.Further reading -- 1.6.Exercises -- ch. 2 Family trees: organising materials and processes -- 2.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 2.2.Getting materials organised: the materials tree -- 2.3.Organising processes: the process tree -- 2.4.Process-property interaction -- 2.5.Material property charts -- 2.6.Computer-aided information management for materials and processes -- 2.7.Summary and conclusions -- 2.8.Further reading -- 2.9.Exercises -- 2.10.Exploring design using CES -- 2.11.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 3 Strategic thinking: matching material to design -- 3.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 3.2.The design process -- 3.3.Material and process information for design -- 3.4.The strategy: translation, screening, ranking and documentation -- 3.5.Examples of translation -- 3.6.Summary and conclusions -- 3.7.Further reading -- 3.8.Exercises -- 3.9.Exploring design using CES -- ch. 4 Stiffness and weight: density and elastic moduli -- 4.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 4.2.Density, stress, strain and moduli -- 4.3.The big picture: material property charts -- 4.4.The science: what determines stiffness and density? -- 4.5.Manipulating the modulus and density -- 4.6.Acoustic properties -- 4.7.Summary and conclusions -- 4.8.Further reading -- 4.9.Exercises -- 4.10.Exploring design with CES -- 4.11.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- Guided Learning Unit 1: Simple ideas of crystallography -- Introduction and synopsis -- pt. 1 Crystal structures -- pt. 2 Interstitial space -- pt. 3 Describing planes -- pt. 4 Describing directions -- pt. 5 Ceramic crystals -- pt. 6 Polymer crystals -- Answers to exercises -- ch. 5 Flex, sag and wobble: stiffness-limited design -- 5.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 5.2.Standard solutions to elastic problems -- 5.3.Material indices for elastic design -- 5.4.Plotting limits and indices on charts -- 5.5.Case studies -- 5.6.Summary and conclusions -- 5.7.Further reading -- 5.8.Exercises -- 5.9.Exploring design with CES -- 5.10.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 6 Beyond elasticity: plasticity, yielding and ductility -- 6.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 6.2.Strength, plastic work and ductility: definition and measurement -- 6.3.The big picture: charts for yield strength -- 6.4.Drilling down: the origins of strength and ductility -- 6.5.Manipulating strength -- 6.6.Summary and conclusions -- 6.7.Further reading -- 6.8.Exercises -- 6.9.Exploring design with CES -- 6.10.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 7 Bend and crush: strength-limited design -- 7.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 7.2.Standard solutions to plastic problems -- 7.3.Material indices for yield-limited design -- 7.4.Case studies -- 7.5.Summary and conclusions -- 7.6.Further reading -- 7.7.Exercises -- 7.8.Exploring design with CES -- ch. 8 Fracture and fracture toughness -- 8.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 8.2.Strength and toughness -- 8.3.The mechanics of fracture -- 8.4.Material property charts for toughness -- 8.5.Drilling down: the origins of toughness -- 8.6.Compressive and tensile failure of ceramics -- 8.7.Manipulating properties: the strength -- toughness trade-off -- 8.8.Summary and conclusions -- 8.9.Further reading -- 8.10.Exercises -- 8.11.Exploring design with CES -- 8.12.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 9 Shake, rattle and roll: cyclic loading, damage and failure -- 9.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 9.2.Vibration and resonance: the damping coefficient -- 9.3.Fatigue -- 9.4.Charts for endurance limit -- 9.5.Drilling down: the origins of damping and fatigue -- 9.6.Manipulating resistance to fatigue -- 9.7.Summary and conclusions -- 9.8.Further reading -- 9.9.Exercises -- 9.10.Exploring design with CES -- ch. 10 Keeping it all together: fracture-limited design -- 10.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 10.2.Standard solutions to fracture problems -- 10.3.Material indices for fracture-safe design -- 10.4.Case studies -- 10.5.Summary and conclusions -- 10.6.Further reading -- 10.7.Exercises -- 10.8.Exploring design with CES -- ch. 11 Rub, slither and seize: friction and wear -- 11.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 11.2.Tribological properties -- 11.3.Charting friction and wear -- 11.4.The physics of friction and wear -- 11.5.Friction in design and metal processing -- 11.6.Summary and conclusions -- 11.7.Further reading -- 11.8.Exercises -- 11.9.Exploring design with CES -- ch. 12 Agitated atoms: materials and heat -- 12.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 12.2.Thermal properties: definition and measurement -- 12.3.The big picture: thermal property charts -- 12.4.Drilling down: the physics of thermal properties -- 12.5.Manipulating thermal properties -- 12.6.Design and manufacture: using thermal properties -- 12.7.Summary and conclusions -- 12.8.Further reading -- 12.9.Exercises -- 12.10.Exploring design with CES -- 12.11.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 13 Running hot: using materials at high temperatures -- 13.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 13.2.The temperature dependence of material properties -- 13.3.Charts for creep behaviour -- 13.4.The science: diffusion -- 13.5.The science: creep -- 13.6.Materials to resist creep -- 13.7.Design to cope with creep -- 13.8.Summary and conclusions -- 13.9.Further reading -- 13.10.Exercises -- 13.11.Exploring design with CES -- 13.12.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 14 Conductors, insulators and dielectrics -- 14.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 14.2.Conductors, insulators and dielectrics -- 14.3.Charts for electrical properties -- 14.4.Drilling down: the origins and manipulation of electrical properties -- 14.5.Design: using the electrical properties of materials -- 14.6.Summary and conclusions -- 14.7.Further reading -- 14.8.Exercises -- 14.9.Exploring design with CES -- 14.10.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 15 Magnetic materials -- 15.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 15.2.Magnetic properties: definition and measurement -- 15.3.The big picture: charts for magnetic properties -- 15.4.Drilling down: the physics and manipulation of magnetic properties -- 15.5.Materials selection for magnetic design -- 15.6.Summary and conclusions -- 15.7.Further reading -- 15.8.Exercises -- 15.9.Exploring design with CES -- 15.10.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 16 Materials for optical devices -- 16.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 16.2.The interaction of materials and radiation -- 16.3.Charts for optical properties -- 16.4.Drilling down: the physics and manipulation of optical properties -- 16.5.Optical design -- 16.6.Summary and conclusions -- 16.7.Further reading -- 16.8.Exercises -- 16.9.Exploring design using CES -- 16.10.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch. 17 Durability: oxidation, corrosion, degradation -- 17.1.Introduction and synopsis -- 17.2.Oxidation, flammability and photo-degradation -- 17.3.Oxidation mechanisms -- 17.4.Resistance to oxidation, burning and photo-degradation -- 17.5.Corrosion: acids, alkalis, water and organic solvents -- 17.6.Drilling down: mechanisms of corrosion -- 17.7.Fighting corrosion -- 17.8.Summary and conclusions -- 17.9.Further reading and software -- 17.10.Exercises -- 17.11.Exploring design with CES -- 17.12.Exploring the science with CES Elements -- ch.