Ebook: Applied fluid mechanics

Machine generated contents note: 1.The Nature of Fluids and the Study of Fluid Mechanics -- The Big Picture -- 1.1.Objectives -- 1.2.Basic Introductory Concepts -- 1.3.The International System of Units (SI) -- 1.4.The U.S. Customary System -- 1.5.Weight and Mass -- 1.6.Temperature -- 1.7.Consistent Units in an Equation -- 1.8.The Definition of Pressure -- 1.9.Compressibility -- 1.10.Density, Specific Weight, and Specific Gravity -- 1.11.Surface Tension -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 2.Viscosity of Fluids -- The Big Picture -- 2.1.Objectives -- 2.2.Dynamic Viscosity -- 2.3.Kinematic Viscosity -- 2.4.Newtonian Fluids and Non-Newtonian Fluids -- 2.5.Variation of Viscosity with Temperature -- 2.6.Viscosity Measurement -- 2.7.SAE Viscosity Grades -- 2.8.ISO Viscosity Grades -- 2.9.Hydraulic Fluids for Fluid Power Systems -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 3.Pressure Measurement -- The Big Picture -- 3.1.Objectives -- 3.2.Absolute and Gage Pressure -- 3.3.Relationship between Pressure and Elevation -- 3.4.Development of the Pressure -- Elevation Relation -- 3.5.Pascal's Paradox -- 3.6.Manometers -- 3.7.Barometers -- 3.8.Pressure Expressed as the Height of a Column of Liquid -- 3.9.Pressure Gages and Transducers -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- 4.Forces Due to Static Fluids -- The Big Picture -- 4.1.Objectives -- 4.2.Gases Under Pressure -- 4.3.Horizontal Flat Surfaces Under Liquids -- 4.4.Rectangular Walls -- 4.5.Submerged Plane Areas -- General -- 4.6.Development of the General Procedure for Forces on Submerged Plane Areas -- 4.7.Piezometric Head -- 4.8.Distribution of Force on a Submerged Curved Surface -- 4.9.Effect of a Pressure above the Fluid Surface -- 4.10.Forces on a Curved Surface with Fluid Below It -- 4.11.Forces on Curved Surfaces with Fluid Above and Below -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 5.Buoyancy and Stability -- The Big Picture -- 5.1.Objectives -- 5.2.Buoyancy -- 5.3.Buoyancy Materials -- 5.4.Stability of Completely Submerged Bodies -- 5.5.Stability of Floating Bodies -- 5.6.Degree of Stability -- Reference -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Stability Evaluation Projects -- 6.Flow of Fluids and Bernoulli's Equation -- The Big Picture -- 6.1.Objectives -- 6.2.Fluid Flow Rate and the Continuity Equation -- 6.3.Commercially Available Pipe and Tubing -- 6.4.Recommended Velocity of Flow in Pipe and Tubing -- 6.5.Conservation of Energy -- Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.6.Interpretation of Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.7.Restrictions on Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.8.Applications of Bernoulli's Equation -- 6.9.Torricelli's Theorem -- 6.10.Flow Due to a Falling Head -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Analysis Projects Using Bernoulli's Equation and Torricelli's Theorem -- 7.General Energy Equation -- The Big Picture -- 7.1.Objectives -- 7.2.Energy Losses and Additions -- 7.3.Nomenclature of Energy Losses and Additions -- 7.4.General Energy Equation -- 7.5.Power Required by Pumps -- 7.6.Power Delivered to Fluid Motors -- Practice Problems -- 8.Reynolds Number, Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow, and Energy Losses Due to Friction -- The Big Picture -- 8.1.Objectives -- 8.2.Reynolds Number -- 8.3.Critical Reynolds Numbers -- 8.4.Darcy's Equation -- 8.5.Friction Loss in Laminar Flow -- 8.6.Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow -- 8.7.Use of Software for Pipe Flow Problems -- 8.8.Equations for the Friction Factor -- 8.9.Hazen -- Williams Formula for Water Flow -- 8.10.Other Forms of the Hazen -- Williams Formula -- 8.11.Nomograph for Solving the Hazen -- Williams Formula -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 9.Velocity Profiles for Circular Sections and Flow in Noncircular Sections -- The Big Picture -- 9.1.Objectives -- 9.2.Velocity Profiles -- 9.3.Velocity Profile for Laminar Flow -- 9.4.Velocity Profile for Turbulent Flow -- 9.5.Flow in Noncircular Sections -- 9.6.Computational Fluid Dynamics -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 10.Minor Losses -- The Big Picture -- 10.1.Objectives -- 10.2.Resistance Coefficient -- 10.3.Sudden Enlargement -- 10.4.Exit Loss -- 10.5.Gradual Enlargement -- 10.6.Sudden Contraction -- 10.7.Gradual Contraction -- 10.8.Entrance Loss -- 10.9.Resistance Coefficients for Valves and Fittings -- 10.10.Application of Standard Valves -- 10.11.Pipe Bends -- 10.12.Pressure Drop in Fluid Power Valves -- 10.13.Flow Coefficients for Valves Using Cv -- 10.14.Plastic Valves -- 10.15.Using K-Factors in PIPE-FLO® Software -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments -- 11.Series Pipeline Systems -- The Big Picture -- 11.1.Objectives -- 11.2.Class I Systems -- 11.3.Spreadsheet Aid for Class I Problems -- 11.4.Class II Systems -- 11.5.Class III Systems -- 11.6.PIPE-FLO® Examples for Series Pipeline Systems -- 11.7.Pipeline Design for Structural Integrity -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Analysis and Design Assignments -- 12.Parallel and Branching Pipeline Systems -- The Big Picture -- 12.1.Objectives -- 12.2.Systems with Two Branches -- 12.3.Parallel Pipeline Systems and Pressure Boundaries in PIPE-FLO® -- 12.4.Systems with Three or More Branches -- Networks -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 13.Pump Selection and Application -- The Big Picture -- 13.1.Objectives -- 13.2.Parameters Involved in Pump Selection -- 13.3.Types of Pumps -- 13.4.Positive-Displacement Pumps -- 13.5.Kinetic Pumps -- 13.6.Performance Data for Centrifugal Pumps -- 13.7.Affinity Laws for Centrifugal Pumps -- 13.8.Manufacturers' Data for Centrifugal Pumps -- 13.9.Net Positive Suction Head -- 13.10.Suction Line Details -- 13.11.Discharge Line Details -- 13.12.The System Resistance Curve -- 13.13.Pump Selection and the Operating Point for the System -- 13.14.Using PIPE-FLO® for Selection of Commercially Available Pumps -- 13.15.Alternate System Operating Modes -- 13.16.Pump Type Selection and Specific Speed -- 13.17.Life Cycle Costs for Pumped Fluid Systems -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Supplemental Problem (PIPE-FLO® Only) -- Design Problems -- Design Problem Statements -- Comprehensive Design Problem -- 14.Open-Channel Flow -- The Big Picture -- 14.1.Objectives -- 14.2.Classification of Open-Channel Flow -- 14.3.Hydraulic Radius and Reynolds Number in Open-Channel Flow -- 14.4.Kinds of Open-Channel Flow -- 14.5.Uniform Steady Flow in Open Channels -- 14.6.The Geometry of Typical Open Channels -- 14.7.The Most Efficient Shapes for Open Channels -- 14.8.Critical Flow and Specific Energy -- 14.9.Hydraulic Jump -- 14.10.Open-Channel Flow Measurement -- References -- Digital Publications -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 15.Flow Measurement -- The Big Picture -- 15.1.Objectives -- 15.2.Flowmeter Selection Factors -- 15.3.Variable-Head Meters -- 15.4.Variable-Area Meters -- 15.5.Turbine Flowmeter -- 15.6.Vortex Flowmeter -- 15.7.Magnetic Flowmeter -- 15.8.Ultrasonic Flowmeters -- 15.9.Positive-Displacement Meters -- 15.10.Mass Flow Measurement -- 15.11.Velocity Probes -- 15.12.Level Measurement -- 15.13.Computer-Based Data Acquisition and Processing -- References -- Internet Resources -- Review Questions -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 16.Forces Due to Fluids in Motion -- The Big Picture -- 16.1.Objectives -- 16.2.Force Equation -- 16.3.Impulse -- Momentum Equation -- 16.4.Problem-Solving Method Using the Force Equations -- 16.5.Forces on Stationary Objects -- 16.6.Forces on Bends in Pipelines -- 16.7.Forces on Moving Objects -- Practice Problems -- 17.Drag and Lift -- The Big Picture -- 17.1.Objectives -- 17.2.Drag Force Equation -- 17.3.Pressure Drag -- 17.4.Drag Coefficient -- 17.5.Friction Drag on Spheres in Laminar Flow -- 17.6.Vehicle Drag -- 17.7.Compressibility Effects and Cavitation -- 17.8.Lift and Drag on Airfoils -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- 18.Fans, Blowers, Compressors, and the Flow of Gases -- The Big Picture -- 18.1.Objectives -- 18.2.Gas Flow Rates and Pressures -- 18.3.Classification of Fans,;Blowers, and Compressors -- 18.4.Flow of Compressed Air and Other Gases in Pipes -- 18.5.Flow of Air and Other Gases Through Nozzles -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Computer Aided Engineering Assignments -- 19.Flow of Air in Ducts -- The Big Picture -- 19.1.Objectives -- 19.2.Energy Losses in Ducts -- 19.3.Duct Design -- 19.4.Energy Efficiency and Practical Considerations in Duct Design -- References -- Internet Resources -- Practice Problems -- Appendices -- Appendix A Properties of Water -- Appendix B Properties of Common Liquids -- Appendix C Typical Properties of Petroleum Lubricating Oils -- Appendix D Variation of Viscosity with Temperature -- Appendix E Properties of Air -- Appendix F Dimensions of Steel Pipe -- Appendix G Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic Tubing -- Appendix H Dimensions of Type K Copper Tubing -- Appendix I Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe -- Appendix J Areas of Circles -- Appendix K Conversion Factors -- Appendix L Properties of Areas -- Appendix M Properties of Solids -- Appendix N Gas Constant, Adiabatic Exponent, and Critical Pressure Ratio for Selected Gases.