Ebook: German resistance against Hitler: the search for allies abroad, 1938-1945

1. Resistance and Exile. 1. The Beck-Goerdeler-von Hassell Group. 2. The Abwehr. 3. The Auswartiges Amt. 4. The Churches. 5. Conspiratorial Circles. 6. Exiles as Auxiliaries. 7. The Socialists in Resistance and Exile. 8. The Communists in Resistance and Exile. 9. Some Concluding Thoughts -- 2. Thinking for the British Empire? 1. Reconnaissances. 2. Missions to Britain (1938). 3. Von Weizsacker and his Lieutenants in a Search for Alternative Policies. 4. The Generals' Plot and the Munich Agreement between the Powers. 5. After Munich: The US State Department and the 'Moderates'. 6. After Munich: Continued Contacts with Britain (1939). 7. Adam von Trott Goes It Alone. 8. The Spectre of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Road to War -- 3. Make a Revolution in Germany for the German People? 1. Fighting the Germans or the Nazis? 2. The Conspiracy Reactivated. 3. 'The Imminent Disaster'. 4. The Vansittart-Theo Kordt Lifeline. 5. The 'Reichenau Incident'. 6. The Venlo Incident. 7. More Negotiations: Group Captain Christie's 'Southern Connection'. 8. Ulrich von Hassell on the Wrong Trail in Switzerland. 9. Agreement within Reach: The Vatican Exchanges. 10. The von Trott Mission to the United States. 11. The Sumner Welles Mission to Europe (February-March 1940). 12. Treason as Patriotic Imperative: Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin and Hans Oster -- 4. Widerstand and the Forging of the Grand Alliance. 1. Winston Churchill and 'Absolute Silence'. 2. Nazi Triumphs and the Widerstand. 3. Ex-Chancellor Joseph Wirth's Folly. 4. Albrecht Haushofer's Peace Plans. 5. The Rigi-Kaltbad Memorandum. 6. The Indomitable Carl Goerdeler. 7. The Atlantic Charter and Abortive American Contacts. 8. Otto Strasser and the Mirage of the New World. 9. The Icy Waters of 'Unconditional Surrender'. 10. Despite Casablanca: Feelers from Russia. The Mission of Peter Kleist and the 'Free Germany' Movement -- 5. Ecumenical Dialogue or 'The War Behind the War'. 1. In Switzerland. 2. In Sweden. 3. With Britain and the United States -- 6. The Vision and the Mirage. 1. The Intelligence Connection: Allen W. Dulles in Berne. 2. Kreisau Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements and Explorations in Turkey, Sweden, and Switzerland. 3. Goerdeler Initiatives 1943-1944. Foreign Policy Statements and Explorations in Sweden. 4. Otto John in Madrid: Between Goerdeler and von Stauffenberg. 5. Contacts with Allied Resistance Movements. 6. Germany West or East? 7. 'Apparently BREAKERS are breaking': 20 July 1944. 8. The Aftermath.;This book traces the many efforts of the German Resistance to forge alliances with Hitler's opponents outside Germany. The Allied agencies, notably the British Foreign Office and the U.S. State Department, were ill-prepared to deal with the unorthodox approaches of the Widerstand. Ultimately, the Allies' policy of "absolute silence," the Grand Alliance with the Soviet Union, and the demand for "unconditional surrender" pushed the war to its final denouement, disregarding the German Resistance. Von Klemperer's scholarly and detailed study uncovers the activities and beliefs of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany. He explores the formation of their policy and analyzes the relations of the Resistance with the Vatican and the ecumenical movement, the intelligence agencies of the Allied powers, and the resistance movements outside Germany. Measured by the conventional standards of diplomacy, the German Resistance to Hitler was a failure. However, von Klemperer shows that many of the principles and strategies of the German Resistance, albeit ignored or overridden by the Allies during wartime, were to find their place in the concerns of international relations in the post-war period.