Ebook: Introduction to astrochemistry: chemical evolution from interstellar clouds to star and planet formation

Chapter 4: Chemistry of Diffuse Clouds4.1 Physical Conditions in Diffuse Clouds; 4.2 Molecules Detected in Diffuse Clouds; 4.3 Carbon Chemistry; 4.4 Oxygen Chemistry; 4.5 Nitrogen Chemistry; 4.6 Chemical Model of a Diffuse Cloud; 4.7 CH+ Problem; 4.8 H3+ Problem; 4.9 Diffuse Interstellar Bands; References; Chapter 5: Chemistry of Molecular Clouds I: Gas Phase Processes; 5.1 Physical Conditions in Molecular Clouds; 5.2 Molecules in Molecular Cloud Cores; 5.3 H3+ Chemistry; 5.4 Destruction of Molecules; 5.5 Carbon Chemistry; 5.6 Oxygen Chemistry and Its Relation to Carbon Chemistry.;Preface; Contents; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Matter in Space; 1.2 Interstellar Matter and Its Circulation; 1.3 Interstellar Molecules; 1.4 Importance of Chemistry; 1.5 Principal Aim of This Book; 1.6 Units Used in Astronomy; 1.7 Reaction Rates; References; Chapter 2: Derivation of Molecular Abundances; 2.1 Thermal Emission; 2.2 Information Derived from Spectral Line Observations; 2.2.1 Radiative Transfer; 2.2.2 Absorption Coefficient; 2.2.3 Optically Thin Case: Rotation Diagram Analysis; 2.2.4 Optically Thick Case; 2.3 Mechanism Determining Excitation Temperature.;Chapter 7: Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Formation of Low-Mass Stars; 7.3 Formation of High-Mass Stars; 7.4 Chemical Compositions of Low-Mass Star-Forming Regions; 7.4.1 Hot Corino Chemistry; 7.4.2 Warm Carbon-Chain Chemistry Sources; 7.4.3 Chemical Diversity; 7.5 Chemical Compositions of High-Mass Star-Forming Regions; 7.5.1 Orion KL; 7.5.2 W3(OH) and W3(H2O); 7.5.3 Infrared Dark Clouds; 7.6 General Features of Chemical Processes in Star-Forming Regions; 7.7 Chemical Differentiation Between Oxygen-Bearing and Nitrogen-Bearing Species.;This book draws on fundamental physics and chemistry to furnish an overview of the exotic and complex chemistry occurring in star-forming clouds. It describes chemical evolution from interstellar clouds to planetary systems.;2.4 Practical Issues for Deriving Molecular Abundances2.4.1 Source Structure; 2.4.2 Forward and Backward Approaches; 2.4.3 Molecular Parameters; References; Chapter 3: Basic Concepts for Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions; 3.1 Chemical Reactions: Macroscopic and Microscopic Viewpoints; 3.2 Reactions in Interstellar Clouds; 3.3 Ion-Molecule Reactions; 3.4 Neutral-Neutral Reactions; 3.5 Radiative Association Reactions; 3.6 Dissociative Electron Recombination; 3.7 Photodissociation and Photoionization; 3.8 Timescale of Chemical Reactions; 3.9 Timescale for Chemical Equilibrium; References.;5.7 Nitrogen Chemistry5.8 Sulfur Chemistry; 5.9 Anion Chemistry; 5.10 Gas-Phase Chemical Models and Comparisons with Observations; References; Chapter 6: Chemistry of Molecular Clouds II: Gas-Grain Processes; 6.1 Roles of Dust Grains in Astrochemistry; 6.2 Depletion of Atoms and Molecules onto Dust Grains; 6.3 Grain-Surface Reactions; 6.4 Formation of H2 Molecules on Grain Surfaces; 6.5 Formation of Various Molecules on Grain Surfaces; 6.6 Desorption of Molecules by Nonthermal Processes; 6.7 Observation of Grain Mantles; 6.8 Gas-Grain Models; 6.9 Deuterium Fractionation; References.