Ebook: Public speaking and civic engagement

Contents note continued: Focus On Civic Engagement The Exchange: A Marketplace of Student Ideas -- Benefits of Public Deliberation -- Potential Problems -- Group Structures That Encourage Dialogue and Deliberation -- Study Circles -- Focus On Civic Engagement Study Circle Success Stories -- Town Hall Meetings -- National Issues Forums -- Factors That Influence Effective Group Deliberation -- Conflict -- Role Structure -- Highlighting The Written Record Keeping Meeting Minutes -- Tolerance of Dissent -- Status and Power -- Leadership -- Highlighting Leadership Avoiding The Pitfalls Of Meetings: Practical Tips For Leaders -- Group Presentations -- Panel Discussions -- Symposium Presentations -- Guidelines for Deliberating in Groups -- Prepare Carefully for Each Meeting -- Adopt a Collaborative Attitude and Participate Actively -- Keep an Open Mind -- Pay Attention to Nonverbal Communication and Listen Carefully.;Contents note continued: Objectivity versus Subjectivity -- Taste and Judgment -- General Purposes -- Informative Purposes -- Persuasive Purposes -- Ceremonial Purposes -- Crafting and Testing Specific Purposes -- Purpose and Response -- Purpose and the Situation -- Purpose and Audience Benefits -- Testing Specific Purposes -- Constructing a Thesis Statement -- Guidelines for Constructing a Thesis Statement -- Avoiding Common Mistakes -- Highlighting The Process From Topic to Purpose to Thesis -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- ch. 6 Responsible and Productive Research -- A Productive Start -- Highlighting How To Begin Your Investigation -- Finding Relevant Information: A High-Speed Pursuit -- The Creative Enterprise of Building a Speech -- The Creative Process -- Productive Note Taking: Drafting as You Investigate Your Topic -- Developing Information Literacy -- Finding Information -- Evaluating Information -- Properly Using Information.;Contents note continued: Focus On Civic Engagement President Obama on Public Service -- Identifying Communal Needs and Values -- The Saliency of Key Group Memberships -- K Focus On Civic Engagement Group Membership -- Gathering Information for Audience Adaptation -- Internet Research -- Interviewing for Information -- Administering an Audience Survey -- Devising Good Questions for an Audience Survey -- Ongoing Strategies for Audience Adaptation -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- Notre Dame Commencement Speech, President Barack Obama -- pt. II Developing Your Speech -- ch. 5 Developing Significant Topics -- Finding a Suitable Topic -- Brainstorming Topics of Public Concern -- Highlighting Sources For Identifying Topics Of Public Concern Using a Library Research Guide -- What Matters to You? -- Conducting a Self-Inventory -- Narrowing the Topic -- Consider the Situation -- Consider the Audience -- Ethical Obligations in Selecting a Topic -- Accuracy.;Contents note continued: Speech to the 58th National Prayer Breakfast, February 4, 2010, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton -- ch. 2 Listening and Speaking in a Democratic Society -- The Speaker-Listener Partnership -- The Engaged Listener -- Positive Outcomes of Effective Listening -- Preparing for Critical Listening: Your Responsibility as a Citizen -- Highlighting Listening And Leadership -- Focus On Civic Engagement National Issues Forums -- Barriers To Good Listening -- Passivity Syndrome -- Automatic Rejection -- Focus On Civic Engagement Building a Climate For Peace through Critical Listening -- Short Attention Span -- Stereotyping -- Highlighting Stereotypes In The Media -- Distractions -- Critical Listening -- Preparing to Listen -- Active Listening -- Highlighting Note Taking -- Offer Feedback -- Preparing Yourself to Speak -- Know Yourself -- Know Your Audience -- Know the Situation -- Aim for Audience Response -- Highlighting Preparation.;Contents note continued: Focus On Civic Engagement Former Presidents Bury the Political Hatchet -- Appealing to Audience Emotions -- Affective Language -- Shared Values -- Vivid Detail -- Visualization -- Familiar References -- The Ethics of Emotional Appeals -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- ch. 15 Arguing Persuasively -- Persuasion and Demagoguery in a Free Society -- Focus On Civic Engagement The Politics Of Outrageousness -- Constructing Reasonable Arguments -- Claims -- Evidence -- Warrants -- The Burden of Proof -- The Forms of Reasoning -- Inductive Reasoning -- Deductive Reasoning -- Causal Reasoning -- Analogical Reasoning -- Fallacies of Reasoning and Evidence -- Fallacies of Relevance -- Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning -- Fallacies of Inadequate Evidence -- Highlighting The Post Hoc FALLACY The Gun Control Debate -- Fallacies of Personal Attack -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- Global Climate Change, Kathryn Gromowski.;Machine generated contents note: pt. I Public Speaking in a Democratic Society -- ch. 1 Democratic Citizenship and the Ethics of Public Speaking -- Public Speaking and Civic Engagement -- The Challenges of Democratic Citizenship -- The Engaged Citizen -- The Rhetorical Tradition and The Ethics of Speech -- Focus On Civic Engagement "Granny D" Gets Involved -- Speaking Responsibly -- Thinking Critically -- Lessons of the Past -- Focus On Civic Engagement Voices of Democracy: The U.S. Oratory Project -- The Ethics of Speech -- Deliberation and Demagoguery in the Twenty-first Century -- Deliberating in Good Faith -- Demagoguery and the Ethics of Emotional Appeal -- The Responsible Citizen-Speaker -- Characteristics of the Responsible Citizen-Speaker -- Legal and Ethical Issues in Public Speaking -- Highlighting Ethical Communication -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection.;Contents note continued: Practice Active Listening -- Exercise for Relaxation -- Acknowledge Potential Benefits of Moderate Communication Apprehension -- Maintain a Sense of Perspective -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- ch. 4 Diverse Audiences in a Democratic Society -- Understanding Diverse Audiences -- Age and Values -- Highlighting Age And Values Dr. Bristow Speaks to the AMA -- Gender Roles and Stereotypes -- Race and Ethnicity -- Cultural Differences -- Religion -- Geographical Environment -- Highlighting Religion And Politics -- Education -- Occupation or Profession -- Economic Status -- Highlighting Audience Demographics -- Identifying Individual Listener Needs and Values -- Satisfying Basic Physiological Needs -- Ensuring Listeners' Personal Safety -- Reinforcing Feelings of Love and a Sense of Belonging -- Helping Listeners Feel Appreciated by Others -- Helping Listeners Realize Their Own Potential -- Identifying Audience Values.;Contents note continued: Highlighting Diversity Recognizing Cultural Differences In Nonverbal Communication -- Play Different Roles -- Focus on Substance, Not Personalities -- Highlighting Ethics Communicating Ethically In Groups -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection.;Contents note continued: K Focus On Civic Engagement Job Training for the Poor: A Speech of Advocacy -- Focus On Civic Engagement A Keyword Outline for a Speech of Advocacy -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- Autism: Why Are the Rates Rising? Kaitlin Rapone -- pt. III Presenting Your Speech -- ch. 10 Using Language Effectively -- Language and Meaning -- The Symbolic Nature of Language -- Denotative and Connotative Meaning -- Using Language That Is Clear and Accurate -- Familiar Language -- Technical Language -- Concreteness and Specificity -- Precise Language -- Avoid Cliches, Empty Words, and Distracting Language -- Constructing Sentences to Promote Clarity -- Simplicity -- Using Language That Is Active and Interesting -- Use Active, Vivid Language -- Highlighting Active And Interesting Language -- Using Figures of Speech -- Highlighting Language John Mccain Accepts The 2008 Republican Nomination -- Using Appropriate and Ethical Language -- Appropriateness.;Contents note continued: Focus On Civic Engagement Candidates' Contrasting Views -- Evaluating Supporting Material -- Accuracy -- Highlighting Source Accuracy Beware Of Wikipedia -- Completeness -- Recency -- Source Reliability 17b Audience Appropriateness -- Ethical Considerations -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- Why We Need Universal Health Insurance, Robert Stone, M.D. -- ch. 8 Organizing Your Speech -- The Elements of Sound organization -- Clarity of Ideas -- Simplicity of Ideas -- Suitability to the Situation -- How Patterns of Organization Connect Ideas -- Chronological or Sequential Order -- Spatial Order -- Categorical Order -- Climactic Order -- Causal Order -- Problem-Solution Patterns -- Narrative Patterns -- Focus On Civic Engagement Amanda Shares Her Family's Journey Using a Narrative Pattern -- Guidelines for Organizing Your Speech -- Making the Pattern a Strategic Choice -- Developing Main Ideas with a Concern for Symmetry.;Contents note continued: Organizing the Informative Speech -- A Chronological Illustration -- A Spatial Illustration -- A Categorical Illustration -- A Causal Illustration -- How Audiences Learn from Informative Speeches -- The Role of Listener Motivation -- Capturing and Maintaining the Audience's Attention -- Helping Listeners Learn -- Ethical Considerations -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- Preparing Students for Community Involvement, Cecelia Orphan -- ch. 14 Persuasive Speaking in a Democratic Society -- The Anatomy of Public Controversy -- Deliberating in Good Faith -- Questions of Fact, Value, and Policy -- Is That the Truth? -- Is This Good or Bad? -- What Are We Going to Do? -- K Highlighting The Challenge Of Persuading Others Will You Give Blood? -- Ethical Proof in Persuasive Speaking -- Trustworthiness -- Competence -- Open-Mindedness -- Dynamism -- How Context Affects Ethos -- Highlighting Credibility.;Contents note continued: Enhancing Your Credibility -- Facilitating Extemporaneous Delivery -- Options for Presentational Aids -- Computer-Generated Slide Shows -- Highlighting Prezi An Attractive Alternative To PowerPoint -- Highlighting How Not to Use Powerpoint -- Chalkboard or Whiteboard -- Flip Charts -- Poster Board Drawings and Displays -- Handouts -- Objects -- Models -- Transparencies and Overhead Projectors -- Audio and Video Materials -- Guidelines for Preparing Presentational Aids -- Guidelines for Using Presentational Aids -- Highlighting Presentational Aids And Ethics -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- pt. IV Types of Public Speaking -- ch. 13 Speaking to Inform -- Functions of Informative Speeches -- Sharing Ideas and Information -- Raising Awareness -- Articulating Alternatives -- Types of Informative Speeches -- The Speech of Description -- The Speech of Demonstration -- The Speech of Explanation -- The Informative Oral Report.;Contents note continued: ch. 16 Speaking on Special Occasions -- Ceremonial Speaking in a Free Society -- Remembering the Past -- Honoring Heroes -- Celebrating Shared Beliefs and Values -- Offering Inspiration and Encouragement -- Social Values in Ceremonial Speaking -- The Forms of Ceremonial Speech -- The Speech of Introduction -- Welcome and Farewell Addresses -- Presentation and Acceptance Speeches -- Commemoration and Commencement Speeches -- Tributes and Eulogies -- Inaugural and Keynote Addresses -- The After-Dinner Speech -- Sermons -- Style and Delivery in Ceremonial Speaking -- Vivid Language and Imagery -- Rhythm and Cadence -- Speaking from a Manuscript -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- Liberty University Commencement Address, John McCain -- ch. 17 Speaking and Deliberating in Groups -- Understanding Public Deliberation -- Focus On Civic Engagement Civic Learning and Democratic Engagement in the Twenty-First Century -- Engaging in Dialogue.;Contents note continued: Building and Delivering Your Speech -- Gather Relevant Materials -- Construct a Reasonable Argument -- Give Your Message Structure -- Speak Directly with Your Audience -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- ch. 3 Speaking with Confidence -- Understanding Communication Apprehension -- Highlighting Communication Apprehension How Universities Are Helping Students -- Factors That Contribute To Communication Apprehension -- Poor Preparation -- Trait Anxiety -- State Anxiety -- Self-Expectations -- Fear of Evaluation -- Fearing That Listeners Perceive Apprehension -- Fear of Failure -- Overreacting to the Body's Physiological Responses -- Managing Communication Apprehension -- Address Issues to Which You Are Committed -- Focus On Civic Engagement The Ripon College Speakers Bureau -- Be Well Prepared -- Develop a Positive Attitude -- Focus On Civic Engagement Speaking with Conviction -- Practice Your Speech -- Anticipate the Speech Situation.;Contents note continued: Searching the Internet -- Locating Information -- Evaluating Internet Resources -- Investigating Like a Professional: Using Library Resources -- Highlighting Databases As A Research Tool -- Gathering Information through Interviews -- Preparing the Interview -- Conducting the Interview -- After the Interview -- Gathering Information through E-Mail and Online Networking -- Citing Sources of Quoted and Paraphrased Material -- Guidelines for Incorporating Material -- Guidelines for Citing Sources during Your Presentation -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- ch. 7 Supporting Your Ideas -- Supporting Ideas with Evidence -- Facts -- Definitions -- Examples -- Highlighting Specific Examples On Ratifying The Law Of The Sea Convention -- Statistics -- Highlighting Examples And Statistics -- Testimony -- Supporting Ideas Through Comparison and Contrast -- Techniques of Comparison and Contrast -- Thinking Critically about Comparison and Contrast.;Contents note continued: Gender-Inclusive Language -- Audience Expectations -- Ethical Language -- Responding Critically to a Speaker's Style -- Using Emotional Language Ethically -- Style Substituted for Argument -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- New Horizons for Women, Mrs. Lyndon Baines (Lady Bird)Johnson -- ch. 11 Delivering Your Speech Effectively -- Sounding Good versus Being Sound -- Beyond Delivery: Listening to the Message -- The Foundation of Ethical Delivery -- Principles of Good Delivery -- Understand the Situation and Audience Expectations -- Establish Eye Contact -- Highlighting Eye Contact Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Eye Contact and Gaze -- Reinforce Ideas through Gestures, Movement, and Facial Expressions -- Strive for an Effective Speaking Voice -- Highlighting The Importance Of A Good Voice The Practices Of Demosthenes -- Remain Flexible -- Highlighting Flexibility A Dramatic Example -- Practice Your Speech.;Contents note continued: Determining the Number of Main Ideas -- Choosing the Placement of Main Ideas -- Transitions as Connectives -- Internal Previews -- Internal Summaries -- Signposts -- Rhetorical Questions -- Introducing Your Speech -- Establish Common Ground -- Capture and Maintain the Listeners' Attention -- Stress Relevance -- Establish Your Credibility -- Clarify Your Purpose/Advance Your Thesis -- Preview Your Main Points -- Final Tips about Introductions -- Concluding Your Speech -- Summarize Your Ideas -- Challenge Your Audience -- Appeal to Your Audience -- Visualize the Future -- End with a Quotation -- Refer to the Introduction -- Final Tips about Conclusions -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- ch. 9 Outlining Your Speech -- Types of Outlines -- Working Outlines -- Formal Outlines -- Keyword Outlines -- Basic Principles of Outlining -- Guidelines for Developing the Formal Outline -- The Keyword Outline: Some Special Considerations.;Contents note continued: Seek Out Opportunities to Speak -- Speaking Extemporaneously -- Advantages of Speaking from a Keyword Outline -- Why Use Extemporaneous Delivery? -- Focus On Civic Engagement A Keyword Outline for a Speech about Habitat for Humanity -- Alternative Styles of Delivery -- The Impromptu Speech -- The Manuscript Speech -- The Memorized Speech -- Responding to Audience Questions -- Preparing for the Question-and-Answer Period -- Conducting the Question-and-Answer Period -- Summary -- Questions for Review and Reflection -- ch. 12 Supporting Your Ideas Visually -- Functions of Presentational Aids -- Promoting Clarity -- Highlighting Visual Perception And Thinking -- Assisting Retention -- Providing Emphasis -- Providing Support -- Encouraging Emotional Involvement -- Highlighting Using Graphs To Communicate Data Some Practical and Ethical Guidelines -- Stimulating Interest -- Highlighting Visual Literacy The Visual Dimension Of Critical Thinking.