Ebook: Gas conditioning and processing. Volume 1: The Basic Principles

9th edition. — John M. Campbell & Co., 2014. — ISBN 978-0-9703449-2-2The First Edition of "Gas Conditioning and Processing" was published in 1968. This Ninth Edition
Retains much of the clear, concise and practical explanations of engineering fundamentals presented in the original edition 45 years ago.Contents
Introduction
Basic terminology
Elements and Atoms
Chemical Compounds and Molecules
Physical Compounds
Relative Atomic Mass (Weight)
Relative Molecular Mass (Weight)
The Mol
Valence
Mixture
Basic hydrocarbon nomenclature
Paraffin Series (Alkanes) Formula: C_nH_2n+2
Olefin or Ethylene Series (Alkenes) Formula: C_nH_2n
Acetylenic or Alkyne Series Formula: C_nH_2n-2
Diolefins Formula: C_nH_2n-1
Aromatic (Benzene) Series Formula: C_nH_2n-6
Naphthene Series Formula: C_nH_2n
Typical compounds in production/Processing systems
Common Contaminants Found In Natural Gas
Alcohols
Amines
Glycols
Acids, Bases and Salts
Radicals
Analysis of mixtures
Basic units of measurement
Presenting Numbers
Mass, Force and Weight
Length, Area and Volume
Density
Pressure
Temperature
Work and Power
Heat Energy
Viscosity
Volumetric-Mass Conversions
Appendix ia -Summary of Conversion Factors
Gas conditioning and processing overview
Typical Wellstream Compositions
Saleable products and quality specifications
Sales Gas/Residue Gas Specifications
Liquid Hydrocarbon Products
Gas processing schemes
Gas Conditioning
Gas Processing I ngl extraction
Stabilization I fractionation
Liquid Product Treating
Nitrogen Rejection and Helium Recovery
Production facilities
Crude Oil
Produced Water
Process selection & Design basis
summary
References
Appendix 2a -example Ngl specifications
Physical properties of hydrocarbon systems
Gas properties - equations of state
Ideal Gas Law
Compressibility Factor and Nonideal P-v-t equations
Other Correlations for z
Gas Viscosity
Liquid physical properties
Distillation Characteristics
Characterization Parameters
Liquid Density
Api gravity
General Correlations
General Nomographs
Corresponding States Methods
Summary of Liquid Density Correlations
Liquid Viscosity
Useful conversion factors for chapter
References
Appendix 3a -physical Constants of Hydrocarbons
Appendix 3b -the Katz Correlation and Kay's Rule
Appendix 3c -wichert Aziz Method for Sour Natural Gases
Qualitative phase behavior
Single component systems
P-t plot for Single Component Systems
Vapor Pressure of Hydrocarbons
Multi-component systems
Effect of Composition
Application of phase envelopes
Reservoir Behavior
Facility Phase Behavior
Practical Suggestions
References
Vapor-liquid equilibrium behavior
Equilibrium vaporization ratio
Partial Pressure Concept
Fugacity Derived K values
K value Charts
K values for C₆₊ Fractions
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (vle) calculations
Bubblepoint
Dewpoint
Flash Calculation
Accuracy of Equilibrium Calculations
Stage separation
Conversion calculations
Conversion Between Liquid, Mol or Mass
Well Stream Test Separator Recombination
Basic Conversion Factors
Liquid product vapor pressure specifications
References
Appendix sa - k value Charts
Water-hydrocarbon phase behavior
Water content of gases
Partial Pressure and Fugacity
Empirical Water Content Charts
Water Content of Sour Gases
Effect of Nitrogen and Heavy Hydrocarbons o n Water Content
Water Content Applications
Saturated Water Content in Equilibrium with Hydrates
Water dewpoint analyzers
Gas hydrates
Hydrate Equilibrium
Hydrate prediction correlations
Hydrate prevention
Inhibition in the Presence of Salts in Produced Water
Inhibitor Losses to the Hydrocarbon Phase
Calculation Summary
Crystallization (Freezing of Glycols)
Inhibitor Selection
Inhibition in Refrigeration Systems
Inhibitor Regeneration
Meg regeneration in Production Systems
Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (Ldhis)
References
Appendix 6a - trekell-Campbell Method
Basic thermodynamics and application of energy balances
Basic thermodynamic concepts
System and Surroundings
Basic Thermodynamic Accounting
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Specific Applications
The Second Law of Thermodynamics - Entropy
Relationship Between Thermodynamic Properties
Applications of thermodynamics
Choice of system
Units of Measurement
Effect of Phase Condition
Enthalpy Calculation Alternatives
Enthalpy Correlations fo r Pure Substances
Enthalpy Correlations for Mixtures
Enthalpy Calculations for Mixtures
References
Appendix 7a
Fluid flow
Evaluation of Friction Factor
Non-Newtonian Liquids
Newtonian liquid flow
Valves and Fittings
Economic Pipe Diameter
Excessive Velocity
Pressure Surges
Liquid Line Looping
Gas flow
Standard Equations
Characteristics of Gas Transmission Systems
Maximum Velocity
Corrections Due to Elevation Changes in Gas Pipelines
Gas Line Looping
Transient Flow in Gas Pipelines
Temperature changes in piping
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Ground Temperature Tg
Above Ground Lines
Multiphase flow
Flow Regimes
Liquid Hold Up
Dimensionless Groups
Multiphase flow correlations
Horizontal Two-Phase Flow
Vertical Two-Phase Flow
Slugging
Severe Slugging
Production Ramp-up Slugging
Erosional Velocity
Slug Mitigation
Dense Phase Pipelines
Application of the technology
Physical Properties Correlations
Multiphase flow splitting
Mechanical design of piping
Flanges
References
Appendix 8a
Process control and instrumentation
Control objectives and concepts
Feedback Control Systems
Control modes
Controllers
On/Off
Proportional Control
Integral (Reset)
Derivative (Rate)
Controller Action Applications
Control loop configurations
Direct Acting/Reverse Acting
Split-Range Control
Cascade and Feed Forward Control
Ratio Control
Control valves
Valve Selection
Instrumentation
Level Measurement
Pressure Measurement
Temperature Measurement
Flow Measurement
References
Definition of terms
Relief and flare systems
Over-pressure protection
Causes of Over-pressure
Relief and Flare Systems
Pressure relief device
Conventional Pressure Relief Valve
Balanced Bellows Relief Valve
Pilot Operated Relief Valve
Buckling Pin Valves
Rupture Discs
Vapor Relief Valve Sizing
Relief Valve Installation
Flare header systems
Flare Header Purge Gas Requirements
Flare Knockout Drum (Ko)
Flare Tips and Stack
F lare Radiation
Safety instrumented system
Depressurization/ Blowdown
Fires
Calculating Depressurization Rates
Atmospheric Venting
Environmental
References
Appendix
Appendix a -typical pfd symbols
Appendix b -general conversion factors
Appendix c -thermodynamic data
Index