Ebook: X-marks : native signatures of assent
Author: Lyons Scott Richard
- Tags: Indians of North America -- Ethnic identity, Indians of North America -- Cultural assimilation, Group identity -- United States, Self-determination National -- United States, Identification (Psychology), Race awareness, Liminality, Social sciences, SOCIAL SCIENCE -- Ethnic Studies -- Native American Studies, Group identity, Self-determination National, United States
- Series: Indigenous Americas.
- Year: 2010
- Publisher: University of Minnesota Press
- City: Minneapolis, United States.
- Language: English
- pdf
During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, North American Indian leaders commonly signed treaties with the European powers and the American and Canadian governments with an X, signifying their presence and assent to the terms. These x-marks indicated coercion (because the treaties were made under unfair conditions), resistance (because they were often met with protest), and acquiescence (to both a European Read more...