Ebook: Electronic circuit analysis and design

Part I Semiconductor Devices and Basic Applications 1 --

Chapter 1 Semiconductor Materials and Diodes 3 --

1.1 Semiconductor Materials and Properties 4 --

1.1.1 Intrinsic Semiconductors 4 --

1.1.2 Extrinsic Semiconductors 7 --

1.1.3 Drift and Diffusion Currents 9 --

1.1.4 Excess Carriers 11 --

1.2 The pn Junction 12 --

1.2.1 The Equilibrium pn Junction 12 --

1.2.2 Reverse-Biased pn Junction 14 --

1.2.3 Forward-Biased pn Junction 16 --

1.2.4 Ideal Current-Voltage Relationship 17 --

1.2.5 pn Junction Diode 18 --

1.3 Diode Circuits: DC Analysis and Models 23 --

1.3.1 Iteration and Graphical Analysis Techniques 24 --

1.3.2 Piecewise Linear Model 27 --

1.3.3 Computer Simulation and Analysis 30 --

1.3.4 Summary of Diode Models 31 --

1.4 Diode Circuits: AC Equivalent Circuit 31 --

1.4.1 Sinusoidal Analysis 31 --

1.4.2 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 35 --

1.5 Other Diode Types 35 --

1.5.1 Solar Cell 35 --

1.5.2 Photodiode 36 --

1.5.3 Light-Emitting Diode 36 --

1.5.4 Schottky Barrier Diode 37 --

1.5.5 Zener Diode 39 --

Chapter 2 Diode Circuits 49 --

2.1 Rectifier Circuits 50 --

2.1.1 Half-Wave Rectification 50 --

Problem-Solving Technique: Diode Circuits 51 --

2.1.2 Full-Wave Rectification 53 --

2.1.3 Filters, Ripple Voltage, and Diode Current 56 --

2.1.4 Voltage Doubler Circuit 63 --

2.2 Zener Diode Circuits 64 --

2.2.1 Ideal Voltage Reference Circuit 64 --

2.2.2 Zener Resistance and Percent Regulation 67 --

2.3 Clipper and Clamper Circuits 68 --

2.3.1 Clippers 68 --

2.3.2 Clampers 72 --

2.4 Multiple-Diode Circuits 75 --

2.4.1 Example Diode Circuits 75 --

Problem-Solving Technique: Multiple Diode Circuits 79 --

2.4.2 Diode Logic Circuits 80 --

2.5 Photodiode and LED Circuits 82 --

2.5.1 Photodiode Circuit 82 --

2.5.2 LED Circuit 83 --

Chapter 3 The Bipolar Junction Transistor 97 --

3.1 Basic Bipolar Junction Transistor 97 --

3.1.1 Transistor Structures 98 --

3.1.2 npn Transistor: Forward-Active Mode Operation 99 --

3.1.3 pnp Transistor: Forward-Active Mode Operation 104 --

3.1.4 Circuit Symbols and Conventions 105 --

3.1.5 Current-Voltage Characteristics 107 --

3.1.6 Nonideal Transistor Leakage Currents and Breakdown Voltage 110 --

3.2 DC Analysis of Transistor Circuits 113 --

3.2.1 Common-Emitter Circuit 114 --

3.2.2 Load Line and Modes of Operation 117 --

Problem-Solving Technique: Bipolar DC Analysis 120 --

3.2.3 Common Bipolar Circuits: DC Analysis 121 --

3.3 Basic Transistor Applications 131 --

3.3.1 Switch 131 --

3.3.2 Digital Logic 133 --

3.3.3 Amplifier 134 --

3.4 Bipolar Transistor Biasing 138 --

3.4.1 Single Base Resistor Biasing 138 --

3.4.2 Voltage Divider Biasing and Bias Stability 140 --

3.4.3 Integrated Circuit Biasing 145 --

3.5 Multistage Circuits 147 --

Chapter 4 Basic BJT Amplifiers 163 --

4.1 Analog Signals and Linear Amplifiers 163 --

4.2 The Bipolar Linear Amplifier 165 --

4.2.1 Graphical Analysis and AC Equivalent Circuit 166 --

4.2.2 Small-Signal Hybrid-[pi] Equivalent Circuit of the Bipolar Transistor 170 --

Problem-Solving Technique: Bipolar AC Analysis 175 --

4.2.3 Hybrid-[pi] Equivalent Circuit, Including the Early Effect 176 --

4.2.4 Expanded Hybrid-[pi] Equivalent Circuit 180 --

4.2.5 Other Small-Signal Parameters and Equivalent Circuits 180 --

4.3 Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations 185 --

4.4 Common-Emitter Amplifiers 189 --

4.4.1 Basic Common-Emitter Amplifier Circuit 190 --

4.4.2 Circuit with Emitter Resistor 192 --

4.4.3 Circuit with Emitter-Bypass Capacitor 196 --

4.4.4 Advanced Common-Emitter Amplifier Concepts 199 --

4.5 AC Load Line Analysis 200 --

4.5.1 AC Load Line 200 --

4.5.2 Maximum Symmetrical Swing 203 --

Problem-Solving Technique: Maximum Symmetrical Swing 204 --

4.6 Common-Collector (Emitter-Follower) Amplifier 205 --

4.6.1 Small-Signal Voltage Gain 205 --

4.6.2 Input and Output Impedance 207 --

4.6.3 Small-Signal Current Gain 209 --

4.7 Common-Base Amplifier 214 --

4.7.1 Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains 214 --

4.7.2 Input and Output Impedance 216 --

4.8 The Three Basic Amplifiers: Summary and Comparison 218 --

4.9 Multistage Amplifiers 219 --

4.9.1 Multistage Analysis: Cascade Configuration 219 --

4.9.2 Cascode Configuration 223 --

4.10 Power Considerations 226 --

Chapter 5 The Field-Effect Transistor 243 --

5.1 MOS Field-Effect Transistor 243 --

5.1.1 Two-Terminal MOS Structure 244 --

5.1.2 n-Channel Enhancement-Mode MOSFET 246 --

5.1.3 Ideal MOSFET Current-Voltage Characteristics 248 --

5.1.4 Circuit Symbols and Conventions 253 --

5.1.5 Additional MOSFET Structures and Circuit Symbols 253 --

5.1.6 Summary of Transistor Operation 258 --

5.1.7 Nonideal Current-Voltage Characteristics 259 --

5.2 MOSFET DC Circuit Analysis 262 --

5.2.1 Common-Source Circuit 263 --

5.2.2 Load Line and Modes of Operation 267 --

Problem-Solving Technique: MOSFET DC Analysis 268 --

5.2.3 Common MOSFET Configurations: DC Analysis 269 --

5.2.4 Constant-Current Source Biasing 281 --

5.3 Basic MOSFET Applications: Switch, Digital Logic Gate, and Amplifier 283 --

5.3.1 NMOS Inverter 283 --

5.3.2 Digital Logic Gate 285 --

5.3.3 MOSFET Small-Signal Amplifier 287 --

5.4 Junction Field-Effect Transistor 287 --

5.4.1 pn JFET and MESFET Operation 288 --

5.4.2 Current-Voltage Characteristics 292 --

5.4.3 Common JFET Configurations: DC Analysis 295 --

Chapter 6 Basic FET Amplifiers 313 --

6.1 The MOSFET Amplifier 313 --

6.1.1 Graphical Analysis, Load Lines, and Small-Signal Parameters 314 --

6.1.2 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 318 --

Problem-Solving Technique: MOSFET AC Analysis 320 --

6.1.3 Modeling the Body Effect 322 --

6.2 Basic Transistor Amplifier Configurations 323 --

6.3 The Common-Source Amplifier 324 --

6.3.1 A Basic Common-Source Configuration 324 --

6.3.2 Common-Source Amplifier with Source Resistor 329 --

6.3.3 Common-Source Circuit with Source Bypass Capacitor 331 --

6.4 The Source-Follower Amplifier 334 --

6.4.1 Small-Signal Voltage Gain 334 --

6.4.2 Input and Output Impedance 339 --

6.5 The Common-Gate Configuration 341 --

6.5.1 Small-Signal Voltage and Current Gains 341 --

6.5.2 Input and Output Impedance 343 --

6.6 The Three Basic Amplifier Configurations: Summary and Comparison 345 --

6.7 Single-Stage Integrated Circuit MOSFET Amplifiers 345 --

6.7.1 NMOS Amplifier with Enhancement Load 345 --

6.7.2 NMOS Amplifier with Depletion Load 350 --

6.7.3 NMOS Amplifier with PMOS Load 353 --

6.8 Multistage Amplifiers 355 --

6.8.1 DC Analysis 356 --

6.8.2 Small-Signal Analysis 360 --

6.9 Basic JFET Amplifiers 362 --

6.9.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 362 --

6.9.2 Small-Signal Analysis 364 --

Chapter 7 Frequency Response 383 --

7.1 Amplifier Frequency Response 384 --

7.1.1 Equivalent Circuits 384 --

7.1.2 Frequency Response Analysis 385 --

7.2 System Transfer Functions 386 --

7.2.1 s-Domain Analysis 386 --

7.2.2 First-Order Functions 388 --

7.2.3 Bode Plots 388 --

7.2.4 Short-Circuit and Open-Circuit Time Constants 394 --

7.3 Frequency Response: Transistor Amplifiers with Circuit Capacitors 398 --

7.3.1 Coupling Capacitor Effects 398 --

Problem-Solving Technique: Bode Plot of Gain Magnitude 404 --

7.3.2 Load Capacitor Effects 405 --

7.3.3 Coupling and Load Capacitors 407 --

7.3.4 Bypass Capacitor Effects 410 --

7.3.5 Combined Effects: Coupling and Bypass Capacitors 414 --

7.4 Frequency Response: Bipolar Transistor 416 --

7.4.1 Expanded Hybrid-[pi] Equivalent Circuit 416 --

7.4.2 Short-Circuit Current Gain 418 --

7.4.3 Cutoff Frequency 420 --

7.4.4 Miller Effect and Miller Capacitance 422 --

7.5 Frequency Response: The FET 426 --

7.5.1 High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit 426 --

7.5.2 Unity-Gain Bandwidth 428 --

7.5.3 Miller Effect and Miller Capacitance 431 --

7.6 High-Frequency Response of Transistor Circuits 433 --

7.6.1 Common-Emitter and Common-Source Circuits 433 --

7.6.2 Common-Base, Common-Gate, and Cascode Circuits 436 --

7.6.3 Emitter- and Source-Follower Circuits 444 --

7.6.4 High-Frequency Amplifier Design 448 --

Chapter 8 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 469 --

8.1 Power Amplifiers 469 --

8.2 Power Transistors 470 --

8.2.1 Power BJTs 470 --

8.2.2 Power MOSFETs 474 --

8.2.3 Heat Sinks 477 --

8.3 Classes of Amplifiers 480 --

8.3.1 Class-A Operation 481 --

8.3.2 Class-B Operation 484 --

8.3.3 Class-AB Operation 489 --

8.3.4 Class-C Operation 493 --

8.4 Class-A Power Amplifiers 494 --

8.4.1 Inductively Coupled Amplifier 494 --

8.4.2 Transformer-Coupled Common-Emitter Amplifier 495 --

8.4.3 Transformer-Coupled Emitter-Follower Amplifier 497 --

8.5 Class-AB Push-Pull Complementary Output Stages 499 --

8.5.1 Class-AB Output Stage with Diode Biasing 499 --

8.5.2 Class-AB Biasing Using the V[subscript BE] Multiplier 501 --

8.5.3 Class-AB Output Stage with Input Buffer Transistors 504 --

8.5.4 Class-AB Output Stage Utilizing the Darlington Configuration 507 --

Part II Analog Electronics 519 --

Chapter 9 The Ideal Operational Amplifier 521 --

9.1 The Operational Amplifier 521 --

9.1.1 Ideal Parameters 522 --

9.1.2 Development of the Ideal Parameters 523 --

9.1.3 Analysis Method 525 --

9.1.4 PSpice Modeling 526 --

9.2 Inverting Amplifier 526 --

9.2.1 Basic Amplifier 527 --

Problem-Solving Technique: Ideal Op-Amp Circuits 529 --

9.2.2 Amplifier with a T-Network 530 --

9.2.3 Effect of Finite Gain 532 --

9.3 Summing Amplifier 534 --

9.4 Noninverting Amplifier 536 --

9.4.1 Basic Amplifier 536 --

9.4.2 Voltage Follower 537