Ebook: Cholinergic Mechanisms: Phylogenetic Aspects, Central and Peripheral Synapses, and Clinical Significance

Every three years early Spring witnesses the convening of a small group of neuroscientists from many parts of the world. They are devoted to the study of acetylcholine, the oldest of the known neurotransmitters. To assess the level of knowledge, to take stock of the still unsolved problems, to evaluate the practical meaning of their findings, the cholinologists first met in 1969 in the eerie atmosphere of a snow-covered Swedish forest, the second in the Swiss Alps, the third facing the surf and foam of the Paci­ fic waves. Finally in March 1980 Florence, her trees burgeoning in the mild rain of March, confronted them with the temptation of her monuments and museums. But the cholinologists bravely dismis­ sed the temptations and went on with the presentations and discus­ sions of the many papers which form the present book. The papers describe the most recent development of investiga­ tions on acetylcholine. They open with an extensive coverage of the developmental and phylogenetic aspects of the cholinergic neurons. The regulation of acetylcholine synthesis, release, post­ synaptic, electrical and trophic effects in the peripheral chol­ inergic synapses including ganglia, neuromuscular junction, myen­ theric plexus and heart is then covered. Special emphasis is given to the cholinergic mechanisms in the eye.

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Developmental and Phylogenetic Aspects of the Cholinergic Neurone.- Acetylcholine Biosynthesis in Developing Cholinergic Synapses.- Aging of Cholinergic Synapses in the Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System.- The Chemical Embryology of the Electromotor System of Torpedo Marmorata.- The Regional Distribution of Acetylcholine,Cholin-Acetyltransferase, and Acetylcholinesterase in Vertebrate Brains of Different Phylogenetic Levels.- Choline Uptake and Choline Acetyltransferase in Brain of Developing Rats Made Hypothyroid With Propylthiouracil.- Morphological Analysis of Chick Embryo Heart Development.- Placental Choline Acetyltransferase Purification and Properties.- Peripheral Cholinergic Synapses: Ganglia.- The Relationship Between Choline Uptake and Acetylcholine Synthesis in a Sympathetic Ganglion.- Multiple Mechanisms In Ganglionic Transmission.- PGE1-Induced Camp Biosynthesis in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of Different Animal Species.- Questions Raised by the Electron Microcopic Localization of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase in Normal and Denervated Superior Cervical Ganglia in the Cat.- Acetylcholine Metabolism in PCl2, A Clonal Cell Line on Secretory Cells.- Regulation of Cholinergic Transmission in Adrenal Medulla.- Effect of Latrodectus Mactans Tredecimguttatus Venom on Synaptic Transmission of Chicken Ciliary Ganglion In Vitro.- Peripheral Cholinergic Synapses: Heart, Myenteric Plexus and Neuromuscular Function.- Regulation of Acetylcholine Synthesis and Release in the Isolated Heart.- Modulation by Scopolamine, Acetylcholine and Choline of the Evoked Release of Acetylcholine from the Guinea Pig Myenteric Plexus: Evidence for a Muscarinic Feedback Inhibition of Acetylcholine Secretion.- Kinetic Studies on the Release of [3H]-Acetylcholine from Guinea Pig Myenteric Plexus: Difference in the Effects of Morphine and Reduced Calcium Influx.- Na+-K+-Activated ATPase and Non-Quantal/Cytoplasmic Release of Acetylcholine.- Hydrolysis of Acetylcholine by Frog Skeletal Muscle.- Early Effects of Denervation on Acetylcholine and Choline Acetyltransferase in Skeletal Muscle.- Release of Acetylcholine Triggered by the Venom of Glycera Convoluta.- Electrophysiological and Morphological Correlates of the Re-Innervation of Rat Neuromuscular Junction: Implications on the Role of Membrane Components such as Gangliosides in the Motor Nerve Sprouting.- Isolation of Synaptic Vesicles from the Myenteric Plexus of Guinea Pig.- Peripheral Cholinergic Synapse: Presynaptic Mechanisms.- The Structure of Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles.- Inhibition of Membrane Transport Systems in Synaptosomes from Torpedo Electric Organ by Snake Neurotoxins.- Biochemical and Biophysical Aspects of Stimulation Induced Vesicle Heterogeneity in Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles.- Acetylcholine Storage and Calcium Clearance by Synaptic Vesicles.- Acetylcholine Changes During Transmission of a Single Nerve Impulse.- Uptake of Acetylcholine into Torpedo Synaptic Vesicles in Vitro.- A Vesicular Site of Origin for the Release of a Cholinergic False Transmitter at the Torpedo Synapse.- Transmembrane Potential and Cation Diffusion Gradients in Isolated Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles: Possible Model for Energization of Vesicular Acetylcholine Uptake.- Incorporation of Acetate into Acetylcholine and Other Compounds in the Torpedo Electric Organ.- Peripheral Cholinergic Synapse: Postsynaptic Aspects.- Cholinergic Receptor Isolation.- New Evidence for True Immunopharmacologic Blockade in Myasthenia Gravis.- Immunohistochemical Demonstration of IgG and Fab Fragments at Motor Endplates of Passively Transferred Mice.- On the Effects of Anticholinergic Agents on Muscarinic Receptors of Different Localization.- Peripheral Cholinergic Synapse: Axonal Aspects.- Ligand Interactions of Axonal Membranes.- Axonal Transport of Phosphoglycerides To Cholinergic Synapses.- Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase: Similarities in Normal and Denervated Muscles, Differences in Axonal Transport.- Central Cholinergic Synapse: Precursors for Acetylcholine Synthesis.- The Activity of Glycerophosphocholine Phosphodiesterase in Brain Tissue.- Synthesis of Choline in the Brain.- Origin of Acetyl Groups of Acetylcholine in the Brain and the Role of Acetylcoenzyme a in the Control of Its Synthesis.- Choline Availability and the Synthesis of Acetylcholine.- Acetylcholine Synthesis and Glucose Oxidation With Various Oxygen Levels in Vivo and in Vitro.- Regulation of Acetylcholine Release During Increased Neuronal Activity.- The Uptake and Acetylation of 3H-Choline in Brain of Inbred Strains of Mice.- Least Squares Analyses of the Kinetics of Choline Uptake in Rat Brain Synaptosomes.- Central Cholinergic Synapse: Synaptosomes and Brain Slices.- Influx and Efflux of N,N,N-Trimethyl-N-Prop-2- Ynylammonium by a Rat Brain Synaptosome Preparation.- Interaction of Choline Transport With Acetylcholine Release and Synthesis.- Choline Transport and the Regulation of Acetylcholine Synthesis in Synaptosomes.- Choline Uptake in Nerve Cultures and in Synaptosomal Preparation Is Regulated by the Endogenous Pool of Choline.- Interrelationship Between Acetylcholine Release from Synaptosomes and Na-K Atpase Activity.- Acetylcholine Metabolism in Rat Neostriatal Slices.- Central Cholinergic Synapse: Cholinergic Mechanisms in the Eye.- The Cholinergic Systems of the Eye.- Light Evoked Release of Acetylcholine from the Rabbit Retina in Vivo.- Biochemical and Pupillographic Studies of Guinea Pig Iris During Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition.- Acetylcholine Receptors in the Central Nervous System.- On the Ionic Mechanism of Presynaptic Muscarinic Receptor Action in Rat Hippocampus.- Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Localization by Radiohistochemistry.- “Binding States” of Muscarinic Receptors.- Investigation on the Effect of Cholinergic Agonists and Antagonists on Cyclic Nucleotide Levels in Vivo: Effect of Lyso-Phosphatidylserine.- Regulation of Muscarinic Recepter Binding.- Structura; and Steric Aspects of Compounds Related to Oxotremorine.- Serach for Nicotine—Like Receptor Binding Sites In Brain.- Ionic Effects on Antagonist binding to the Muscaranic Receptor.- Studies on The Structure of Acetylcholine Receptor.- Newly Synthesized Acetylcholine Receptor in Denervated Skeletal Muscle.- Central Cholinergic Pathways.- Anatomical Organization of Some Cholinergic Systems in the Mammalian Forebrain.- Cholinergic Pathways To the Cerebral Cortex in Rats.- Lesions of the Globus Pallidus: Changes in Cortical Choline Acetyltransferase, Choline Uptake and Acetyl-Choline Output in the Rat.- Mapping of Cholinergic Systems in Rostral Forebrain of the Rodent.- Interactions Between Different Neurotransmitter Systems.- Regulation OF Septal-Hippocampal Cholinergic Neurons By Catecholamines.- Interactions of Neuropeptides with Cholinergic Septalhippocampal Pathway: Indication for a Possible Trans-Synaptic Regulation.- Cholinergic-Monoaminergic Interactions in Selected Regions of the Brain: Histochemical and Pharmacologic Analyses.- On Modulation of Cerebral Cholinergic Mechanisms by Endogenous Indoleamines and Their Derivatives.- Influence of Gaba on Acetylcholine Release from the Guinea Pig Brain.- Gaba-Acetylcholine Interaction in the Rat Straitum.- Regulation of Cholinergic Activity in the Rat Hippocampus: in Vivo Effects of Oxotremorine and Fenfluramine.- Acetylcholine, Behavior and Drugs.- Acetylcholine Induced Antinociception: Comparisons to Opiate Analgesia.- Chronic Barbital Treatment and Cholinergic Mechanisms in Brain.- Interaction Between Atropine and Hexobarbital in the Abstinence After Chronic Barbital Treatments In The Rat.- Marijuana and Cholinergic Dynamics.- Antinociceptive Action of Cholinomimetics Evaluated with the Method of the Return of Corneal Anesthesia Induced with Procaine.- Do Gangliosides Affect the Recovery of Cholinergic Enzymes of Rats After Septal Lesions?.- Comparative Studies on Rat Brain Soluble Acetylcholinesterase and Its Molecular Forms During Intoxication by Dfp and Paraoxon.- Clinical Significance of Cholinergic Mechanisms.- Basic Phenomena Underlying Novel use of Cholinergic Agents, “Anticholinesterases and Precursors in Neurological Including Peripheral and Psychiatric Disease.- Clinical Trials with Choline and 4-Aminopyridine in Huntington’s Chorea.- Pharmacokinetics of Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine in Man and its Correlation to Clinical Effects in Myasthenia Gravis.- Red Blood Cell/Plasma CholineRatio — A Possible Biological Marker of Lithium Therapy – Clinical Correlations and Limitations.- Blood Choline and its Meaning in Psychiatric and Neurologic Disease States.- Cholinergic Dysfunction: A Common Denominator in Metabolic Encephalopathies.- Cholinomimetic Agents and Human Memory: Preliminary Observations in Alzheimer’S Disease.- Effects of Lecithin on Memory and Plasma Choline Levels: a Study in Normal Volunteers.- Hypersensitive Cholinergic Functioning in Primary Affective Illness.- Participant List.- Contributor Index.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xx
Acetylcholine Biosynthesis in Developing Cholinergic Synapses....Pages 1-23
Aging of Cholinergic Synapses in the Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System....Pages 25-45
The Regional Distribution of Acetylcholine, Cholinacetyltransferase, and Acetylcholinesterase in Vertebrate Brains of Different Phylogenetic Levels....Pages 47-58
Choline Uptake and Choline Acetyltransferase in Brain of Developing Rats made Hypothyroid with Propylthiouracil....Pages 59-72
Morphological Analysis of Chick Embryo Heart Development....Pages 73-83
Placental Choline Acetyltransferase Purification and Properties....Pages 85-89
The Relationship between Choline Uptake and Acetylcholine Synthesis in a Sympathetic Ganglion....Pages 91-95
Multiple Mechanisms in Ganglionic Transmission....Pages 97-107
PGE1-Induced cAMP Biosynthesis in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of Different Animal Species....Pages 109-118
Questions Raised by the Electron Microscopic Localization of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase in Normal and Denervated Superior Cervical Ganglia in the Cat....Pages 119-125
Acetylcholine Metabolism in PC12, A Clonal Cell Line on Secretory Cells....Pages 127-132
Regulation of Cholinergic Transmission in Adrenal Medulla....Pages 133-142
Regulation of Acetylcholine Synthesis and Release in the Isolated Heart....Pages 143-153
Modulation by Scopolamine, Acetylcholine and Choline of the Evoked Release of Acetylcholine from the Guinea Pig Myenteric Plexus: Evidence for a Muscarinic Feedback Inhibition of Acetylcholine Secretion....Pages 155-158
Kinetic Studies on the Release of [3H]-Acetylcholine from Guinea Pig Myenteric Plexus: Difference in the Effects of Morphine and Reduced Calcium Influx....Pages 159-167
Na+−K+-Activated ATPase and Non-Quantal/Cytoplasmic Release of Acetylcholine....Pages 169-176
Hydrolysis of Acetylcholine by Frog Skeletal Muscle....Pages 177-186
Early Effects of Denervation on Acetylcholine and Choline Acetyltransferase in Skeletal Muscle....Pages 187-195
Electrophysiological and Morphological Correlates of the Re-Innervation of Rat Neuromuscular Junction: Implications on the Role of Membrane Components such as Gangliosides in the Motor Nerve Sprouting....Pages 197-204
Isolation of Synaptic Vesicles from the Myenteric Plexus of Guinea Pig....Pages 205-214
The Structure of Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles....Pages 215-220
Inhibition of Membrane Transport Systems in Synaptosomes from Torpedo Electric Organ by Snake Neurotoxins....Pages 221-233
Biochemical and Biophysical Aspects of Stimulation Induced Vesicle Heterogeneity in Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles....Pages 235-240
Acetylcholine Storage and Calcium Clearance by Synaptic Vesicles....Pages 241-247
Acetylcholine Changes During Transmission of a Single Nerve Impulse....Pages 249-259
A Vesicular Site of Origin for the Release of a Cholinergic False Transmitter at the Torpedo Synapse....Pages 261-272
Transmembrane Potential and Cation Diffusion Gradients in Isolated Cholinergic Synaptic Vesicles: Possible Model for Energization of Vesicular Acetylcholine Uptake....Pages 273-286
Incorporation of Acetate into Acetylcholine and Other Compounds in the Torpedo Electric Organ....Pages 287-299
Cholinergic Receptor Isolation....Pages 301-306
New Evidence for True Immunopharmacologic Blockade in Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 307-312
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of IgG and Fab Fragments at Motor Endplates of Passively Transferred Mice....Pages 313-320
On the Effects of Anticholinergic Agents on Muscarinic Receptors of Different Localization....Pages 321-322
Ligand Interactions of Axonal Membranes....Pages 323-332
Axonal Transport of Choline Phosphoglycerides to Cholinergic Synapses....Pages 333-341
Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase: Similarities in Normal and Denervated Muscles, Differences in Axonal Transport....Pages 343-349
The Activity of Glycerophosphocholine Phosphodiesterase in Brain Tissue....Pages 351-365
Synthesis of Choline in the Brain....Pages 367-376
Origin of Acetyl Groups of Acetylcholine in the Brain and the Role of Acetylcoenzyme A in the Control of its Synthesis....Pages 377-386
Choline Availability and the Synthesis of Acetylcholine....Pages 387-392
Regulation of Acetylcholine Release During Increased Neuronal Activity....Pages 393-403
The Uptake and Acetylation of 3H-Choline in Brain of Inbred Strains of Mice....Pages 405-413
Least Squares Analyses of the Kinetics of Choline Uptake in Rat Brain Synaptosomes....Pages 415-424
Influx and Efflux of N,N,N-Trimethyl-N-Prop-2-Ynylammonium by a Rat Brain Synaptosome Preparation....Pages 425-441
Interaction of Choline Transport with Acetylcholine Release and Synthesis....Pages 443-449
Choline Transport and the Regulation of Acetylcholine Synthesis in Synaptosomes....Pages 451-461
Choline Uptake in Nerve Cultures and in Synaptosomal Preparation is Regulated by the Endogenous Pool of Choline....Pages 463-467
Interrelationship between Acetylcholine Release from Synaptosomes and Na-K ATPase Activity....Pages 469-474
Acetylcholine Metabolism in Rat Neostriatal Slices....Pages 475-487
The Cholinergic Systems of the Eye....Pages 489-496
Light Evoked Release of Acetylcholine from the Rabbit Retina in Vivo....Pages 497-510
Biochemical and Pupillographic Studies of Guinea Pig Iris During Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition....Pages 511-520
On the Ionic Mechanism of Presynaptic Muscarinic Receptor Action in Rat Hippocampus....Pages 521-529
Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Localization by Radiohistochemistry....Pages 531-539
“Binding States” of Muscarinic Receptors....Pages 541-553
Regulation of Muscarinic Receptor Binding....Pages 555-567
Structural and Steric Aspects of Compounds Related to Oxotremorine....Pages 569-577
Search for Nicotine-Like Receptor Binding Sites in Brain....Pages 579-586
Ionic Effects on Antagonist Binding to the Muscarinic Receptor from Rat Cerebral Cortex....Pages 587-594
Studies on the Structure of Acetylcholine Receptor....Pages 595-599
Newly Synthesized Acetylcholine Receptor in Denervated Skeletal Muscle....Pages 601-608
Anatomical Organization of Some Cholinergic Systems in the Mammalian Forebrain....Pages 609-619
Cholinergic Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex in Rats....Pages 621-638
Lesions of the Globus Pallidus: Changes in Cortical Choline Acetyltransferase, Choline Uptake and Acetylcholine Output in the Rat....Pages 639-646
Mapping of Cholinergic Systems in Rostral Forebrain of the Rodent....Pages 647-651
Regulation of Septal-Hippocampal Cholinergic Neurons by Catecholamines....Pages 653-658
Interactions of Neuropeptides with Cholinergic Septal-Hippocampal Pathway: Indication for a Possible Trans-Synaptic Regulation....Pages 659-661
Cholinergic-Monoaminergic Interactions in Selected Regions of the Brain: Histochemical and Pharmacologic Analyses....Pages 663-672
On Modulation of Cerebral Cholinergic Mechanisms by Endogenous Indoleamines and their Derivatives....Pages 673-683
Influence of Gaba on Acetylcholine Release from the Guinea Pig Brain....Pages 685-694
Gaba-Acetylcholine Interaction in the Rat Striatum....Pages 695-704
Acetylcholine Induced Antinociception: Comparisons to Opiate Analgesia....Pages 705-713
Chronic Barbital Treatment and Cholinergic Mechanisms in Brain....Pages 715-722
Interaction between Atropine and Hexobarbital in the Abstinence after Chronic Barbital Treatments in the Rat....Pages 723-738
Marijuana and Cholinergic Dynamics....Pages 739-761
Antinociceptive Action of Cholinomimetics Evaluated with the Method of the Return of Corneal Anesthesia Induced with Procaine....Pages 763-770
Do Gangliosides Affect the Recovery of Cholinergic Enzymes of Rats after Septal Lesions?....Pages 771-780
Comparative Studies on Rat Brain Soluble Acetylcholinesterase and Its Molecular Forms during Intoxication by DFP and Paraoxon....Pages 781-793
Basic Phenomena Underlying Novel use of Cholinergic Agents, Anticholinesterases and Precursors in Neurological Including Peripheral and Psychiatric Disease....Pages 795-807
Clinical Trials with Choline and 4-Aminopyridine in Huntington’S Chorea....Pages 809-818
Pharmacokinetics of Neostigmine and Pyridostigmine in Man and Its Correlation to Clinical Effects in Myasthenia Gravis....Pages 819-824
Red Blood Cell/Plasma Choline Ratio — A Possible Biological Marker of Lithium Therapy — Clinical Correlations and Limitations....Pages 825-832
Blood Choline and its Meaning in Psychiatric and Neurologic Disease States....Pages 833-839
Cholinergic Dysfunction: A Common Denominator in Metabolic Encephalopathies....Pages 841-845
Cholinomimetic Agents and Human Memory: Preliminary Observations in Alzheimer’s Disease....Pages 847-852
Effects of Lecithin on Memory and Plasma Choline Levels: A study in Normal Volunteers....Pages 853-869
Hypersensitive Cholinergic Functioning in Primary Affective Illness....Pages 871-877
Back Matter....Pages 879-890
....Pages 891-900