Ebook: Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology

Significant developments within the past few years have made possible the publication of this rather large volume focusing on specific emotions of human experience, such as interest, joy, anger, distress, fear, shame, shyness, and guilt. The relevant events include new evidence on the relationship of emotions to cognitive processes and to personality traits and defense mechanisms. They also include discoveries relating to the biological foundations of emotions and theory regarding their significance in human evolution. Finally, there have been important findings on the role of emotions and emotion expressions in social relations, pain, grief, and psychopathology. These developments are elaborated in the pages of this volume. The contributors represent the disciplines of clinical, social, and experi­ mental psychology, psychiatry, and psychoanalysis. The contributions show important common themes that cut across disciplines, but they also reflect some differences that invite further thought and research. Above all, they add to our knowledge of human emotions and to our ability to understand and resolve human problems. The Department of Psychology of the University of Delaware has pro­ vided an excellent intellectual climate for work on a volume that ranges across several specialities and disciplines. Conversations with colleagues in the offices and hallways of Wolf Hall have provided answers to many questions. They also yielded some questions that compelled me to seek greater clarification of an issue.

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Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology: An Introduction.- Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology: An Introduction.- I Moods, Traits, and Defense Mechanisms.- 1 Editor’s Introduction.- Affect and Imagination in Play and Fantasy.- I. The Meaning and Functions of Imaginative Play.- (A) Examples of Imaginative Play.- (B) The Role of Make-Believe Play in Early Childhood.- (C) Affects and Imagination in Early Childhood.- II. Theoretical Relationships between Affect and Imagination.- (A) Cognitive Assimilation and Differentiated Affects.- (B) Thought and Affect Regulation.- (C) Fantasy in Child’s Play.- III. Research Approaches to Studying Imagination.- (A) Projective Techniques.- (B) Observations of Spontaneous Play.- (C) Intervention Procedures.- IV. Some Recent Research Findings with Preschoolers.- V. Some Implications for Theory and Research.- References.- 2 Editor’s Introduction.- Humor and Psychopathology.- I. Humorous Behavior and Its Psychopathology.- (A) Early Disturbances of Smiling and Laughing.- (B) Failures in Humor Appreciation.- (C) The Cognitive Component of the Humor Response.- (D) The Affective Component.- (E) Comic Action and Its Psychopathology.- II. Humor in Specific Psychopathological States.- (A) General Considerations.- (B) Organic States—Involuntary Laughter.- (C) Humor and Schizophrenia.- (D) Humor and Depression.- III. Conclusion.- References.- 3 Editor’s Introduction.- Moods: Their Personal Dynamics and Significance.- I. Introduction.- II. The Nature and Significance of Affect.- III. Approaches to the Understanding of Moods.- (A) Moods as Dimensions of Behavioral Change.- (B) Moods as Cognitive-Affective Interactions.- (C) Moods as Subjective Experience.- (D) Moods as Psychodynamic Changes.- (E) Some Shared Perspectives and Their Implications.- IV. Aims and Methods in Studies of Mood and Personality.- (A) The Setting of Our Initial Studies.- (B) Research Aims and Strategies.- (C) The Personal Feeling Scales (PFS).- V. Changes in Normal Elation and Depression.- (A) Changes in Self and Ideal Concepts.- (B) Changes in Hostility and Responses to Frustration.- VI. Level and Variability of Elation-Depression Reports over Extended Periods.- (A) Hedonic Level and Variability.- (B) Independence of Hedonic Level and Variability.- (C) Absence of Regularity and Rhythm in Normal Mood Records.- (D) Elation-Depression as a Major Dimension of Mood.- VII. Individual Patterns of Affective Covariation.- VIII. Personality Characteristics of the Happy and the Unhappy.- IX. Personality Characteristics of the Stable and the Variable in Mood.- X. Conclusion.- References.- 4 Editor’s Introduction.- The Meaning and Measurement of Guilt.- I. Introduction.- (A) A Construct Validational Approach.- (B) The Meaning of Guilt.- (C) The Measurement of Guilt.- II. Evidence of Construct Validity.- (A) Guilt and Behavioral Inhibition.- (B) Behavioral Inhibition in the Laboratory.- (C) Guilt and Moral Judgment.- (D) Guilt as Personality Disposition and as Affect.- (E) Guilt and Physiological Indices of Arousal.- III. Progress and Prospect.- (A) Successful Construct Validation.- (B) Limitations of the Inventories and the Construct Validational Approach.- (C) Future Research on Guilt.- References.- 5 Editor’s Introduction.- The Personal and Social Dynamics of Shyness.- I. The Phenomenon of Shyness.- II. Stanford Shyness Survey.- I. Situations and Attributions.- II. Public versus Private Shyness.- V. Shyness and Assorted Pathologies.- (A) Political and Social Control • (B) Alcoholism • (C) Irrational Violence: Sudden Murderers • (D) Sexual Dysfunction.- VI. Shyness across Cultures.- VII. Treatment Implications.- References.- 6 Editor’s Introduction.- Sensation Seeking and Risk Taking.- I. Theoretical Background.- (A) Theoretical Links with Psychopathology.- (B) Development of the Sensation Seeking Scales (SSS).- (C) Sensation Seeking as an Emotional State.- (D) Risk.- (E) Sensation Seeking in Normals.- (F) Development of State Scales for Sensation Seeking.- (G) The Relation between Novelty and Risk.- (H) Relationships between Risk Appraisal, Sensation-Seeking Trait, and Eysenck Dimensions.- (I) State Responses to Hypothetical Situations.- II. Sensation Seeking and Psychopathology.- (A) Psychopathic Personality and Delinquency • (B) Drug Abusers • (C) Mania • (D) Schizophrenia • (E) Phobias.- III. A Biological Theory of Sensation Seeking.- References.- 7 Editor’s Introduction.- The Appetite Hypothesis of Emotions: A New Psychoanalytic Model of Motivation.- I. Introduction.- II. Classification.- III. Definition of a Wish.- IV. Three Components of Emotions.- V. General Characteristics of Appetites.- VI. Emotions as Appetites and Messages.- VII. Some Clinical Implications.- VIII. Some Social Implications.- IX. Phylogenetic Speculations.- X. Conclusion.- References.- 8 Editor’s Introduction.- A Structural Theory of Ego Defenses and Emotions.- I. Defining and Measuring Ego Defenses.- (A) Variations in the Concept of Ego Defenses.- (B) Attempts to Measure Defense Mechanisms.- (C) Development of an Initial Model.- (D) Constructing an Ego Defense Scale: Rationale.- II. Study I: Development of a Preliminary Self-Report Defense Mechanisms Test.- III. Study II: Clinicians’ Conceptions of Ego Defenses in Relation to Diagnoses.- IV. Study III: A Factor Analysis of Correlations among Defense Mechanism Scales.- V. Study IV: Clinicians’ Ratings of the Appropriateness of Items.- VI. Study V: Ratings of Developmental Level of Ego Defenses.- VII. Study VI: A Comparison of Schizophrenics and Normals on the Life Style Index.- VIII. Study VII: Ego Defenses in Relation to Self-Esteem and Anxiety.- IX. Study VIII: Similarity Ratings of Defense Mechanisms: A Direct Estimation Method.- X. Study IX: Similarity Ratings of Defense Mechanisms: A Semantic Differential Comparison.- XI. A Theoretical Model for Defense Mechanisms.- XII. Conclusion.- References.- II Pain, Anxiety, Grief, and Depression.- 9 Editor’s Introduction.- Emotion, Pain, and Physical Illness.- I. The Role of Emotion in Pain and Illness.- II. Models of Pain and Emotion.- (A) Sensory Model of Pain.- (B) Sequential Components (Sensation and Emotion) Model.- (C) A Parallel Processing Model of Pain Distress.- III. Applications to Distress Reduction during Medical Treatment.- IV. Conclusion.- References.- 10 Editor’s Introduction.- A Neuropsychological Theory of Anxiety.- I. Learning Theory Background.- II. The Behavioral Effects of Antianxiety Drugs.- (B) Frustrative Nonreward.- (A) Punishment.- III. The Psychology of Anxiety.- IV. The Septohippocampal System.- V. The Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect.- VI. The Septohippocampal System and the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect.- VII. The Dorsal Ascending Noradrenergic Bundle.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.- 11 Editor’s Introduction.- The Functions of Grief.- I. The Nature of Grief.- (A) The Syndrome of Grief.- II. Biological Contributions to the Syndrome of Grief.- (A) The Phylogeny of Grief.- (B) The Universality of Grief.- (C) Biological Functions of Grief.- III. Psychological Contributions to the Syndrome of Grief.- (A) Extinction.- (B) Learned Helplessness.- (C) The Interruption of Behavior.- (D) The Psychological Functions of Grief.- IV. Social Contributions to the Syndrome of Grief.- (A) The Social Functions of Grief and Mourning.- V. Concluding Observations.- References.- 12 Editor’s Introduction.- Shame in Depression and Hysteria.- I. Reasons for the Neglect of the Phenomenology of Shame and Guilt 371.- (A) The Distinction between the Self and the Ego.- (B) The Nature of Human Nature.- (C) Shame and a Theory of Sex Differences.- II. Distinctions between Shame and Guilt.- (A) Difficulties in Recognizing One’s Psychological State: Shame and Guilt Are Often Fused and Therefore Confused.- (B) The Stimulus to Shame Is Twofold: Moral and “Nonmoral” Shame.- (C) Difficulties in the Functioning of the Self in Shame and Guilt.- (D) Difficulties in Discharging Hostility in Shame and Guilt: Shame-Rage, Which Originates about the Self, Is Discharged upon the Self.- III. Evidence for a Connection between Shame and Depression.- (A) Phenomenological Similarity between Shame and Depression/Hysterias.- (B) Field Dependence and Depression/Hysterias.- IV. Sex Differences in Shame and in Depression/Hysterias.- (A) Sex Differences in Proneness to Shame.- (B) Sex Differences in Proneness to Depression • (C) Sex Differences in Proneness to the Hysterias.- References.- 13 Editor’s Introduction.- Guilt in Obsession and Paranoia.- I. The Role of Guilt in Mental Illness.- II. The Phenomenology of Guilt.- (A) Oedipus the King.- (B) Hamlet.- (C) The Iceman Cometh.- III. Guilt and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders.- (A) Freud’s Case of the Rat-Man.- (B) Excerpts from Psychotherapy Sessions.- IV. Field Independence, Sex, Guilt, and Mental Illness.- References.- 14 Editor’s Introduction.- Cognitive-Affective Processes in Depression.- I. The Phenomenology of Depression.- II. The Cognitive View of Depression.- III. Cognition and Cognitive Processes.- IV. Affect and Affective Processes.- V. Cognition and Affect in Depression.- (A) Thematic Content of the Cognitions.- (B) Time Perspective.- (C) Selective Recall.- (D) Idiosyncratic Meaning.- (E) Characteristic Errors in Thought • (F) Depressogenic Premises and Schemata.- VI. Clinical Implications of the Cognitive View of Depression.- References.- III Emotion Awareness, Expression, and Arousal.- 15 Editor’s Introduction.- Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy.- I. The Ontogenesis of Emotion Expressions.- (A) The Differentiation Hypothesis.- (B) The Discrete Systems Hypothesis.- (C) Research Relating to Expression Ontogeny.- II. Factors Affecting the Development of the Emotion System and Personality Integration.- (A) Environment and Social Class • (B) Temperament • (C) Mother-Infant Interactions and Caregiving.- III. Emotions, Cognitive Attainments, and Personality Integration.- (A) Emotion Expressions and Specific Cognitive Attainments.- (B) Emotion Expressions and Overall Social and Mental Development.- (C) Infant Emotions and Infant Well-Being.- IV. Summary.- References.- 16 Editor’s Introduction.- Emotion Awareness and Antisocial Behavior.- I. The Nature of Emotion Awareness.- II. The Impact of Emotion Displays.- III. Emotion Awareness as an Individual Difference.- (A) Accuracy of Classification.- (B) Importance of Emotion Displays.- (C) Interpersonal Reactions.- IV. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 17 Editor’s Introduction.- Nonlinguistic Vocal Indicators of Emotion and Psychopathology.- I. Evolutionary Continuities in the Vocal Expression of Emotion.- II. Effects of Emotion on the Processes of Voice Production.- III. Vocal Indicators of Nonspecific Arousal.- IV. Vocal Indicators of Discrete Emotions.- V. Vocal Indicators of Affective Disturbances in Psychopathology.- VI. Epilogue.- References.- 18 Editor’s Introduction.- Gaze Patterns of Normals and Schizophrenics Retelling Happy, Sad, and Angry Experiences.- I. Introduction.- II. Study 1: Interrelations among Behavioral and Cognitive Indicators of Closeness and Their Effect upon Accurate Discrimination of Anger, Sorrow, and Joy.- (A) Method.- (B) Results.- III. Study 2: Gaze Direction as a Factor in the Judgment of Normal and Schizophrenic Nonverbal Expressions of Affect.- (A) Method • (B) Results.- IV. Discussion.- References.- 19 Editor’s Introduction.- The Emotional Consequences of Arousal without Reason.- I. Critique of the Schachter and Singer Study.- (A) Empirical Issues.- (B) Methodological Issues.- II. Failure of an Exact Replication.- III. Alternative Views.- (A) Negative Biasing.- (B) An Expanded Search.- IV. Current Study.- (A) Unexplained Physiological Arousal.- (B) Cognitive Factors.- (C) Dependent Measures.- (D) Hypotheses.- V. Method.- (A) Subjects.- VI. Results.- (A) Physiological Arousal.- (B) Perception of Confederate.- (C) Overt Emotional Behavior.- (D) Reported Emotional Experience.- (E) Attribution of Causality.- (F) Comparison of Arousal Control Groups.- VII. Discussion.- (A) Social Influences on Emotion.- (B) Unexplained Arousal and Emotional Pathology.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.
Content:
Front Matter....Pages i-xx
Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology: An Introduction....Pages 1-8
Front Matter....Pages 9-9
Affect and Imagination in Play and Fantasy....Pages 11-34
Humor and Psychopathology....Pages 35-69
Moods: Their Personal Dynamics and Significance....Pages 71-102
The Meaning and Measurement of Guilt....Pages 103-129
The Personal and Social Dynamics of Shyness....Pages 131-160
Sensation Seeking and Risk Taking....Pages 161-197
The Appetite Hypothesis of Emotions....Pages 199-225
A Structural Theory of Ego Defenses and Emotions....Pages 227-257
Front Matter....Pages 259-259
Emotion, Pain, and Physical Illness....Pages 261-299
A Neuropsychological Theory of Anxiety....Pages 301-335
The Functions of Grief....Pages 337-368
Shame in Depression and Hysteria....Pages 369-396
Guilt in Obsession and Paranoia....Pages 397-414
Cognitive-Affective Processes in Depression....Pages 415-442
Front Matter....Pages 443-443
Emotion Expressions and Personality Integration in Infancy....Pages 445-472
Emotion Awareness and Antisocial Behavior....Pages 473-492
Nonlinguistic Vocal Indicators of Emotion and Psychopathology....Pages 493-529
Gaze Patterns of Normals and Schizophrenics Retelling Happy, Sad, and Angry Experiences....Pages 531-561
The Emotional Consequences of Arousal without Reason....Pages 563-590
Back Matter....Pages 591-597